Трудности грамматики английского языка = The Complexities of English Grammar. Пособие для подготовки к централизованному тестированию и экзамену

Position of Adverbs

1. Adverbs of time and place.

Last night Peter watched TV at home

Adverbs of time can come at the beginning or end of the sentence.

Adverbs of place usually come at the end.

NOTE: Adverbs of time such as soon, now and then, go before the main verb, but after the auxiliary verb or the verb to be.

She soon understood that her husband was right.

She is now ready to apologize.

2. Adverbs of manner.

Helen dances wonderfully! (after the verb) He quickly hid all his things. (before the verb)

He has carefully examined all the papers. (after an object, when there is one)

Adverbs of manner usually come before the main verb, after the auxiliary or at the end of a sentence.

3. Adverbs of frequency.

Is Jane often late? Yes, she often comes after the bell.

Adverbs of frequency usually go before the main verb, bur after auxiliary verbs and the verb to be

Order of Adverbs

1.When there are two or more adverbs in the same sentence, they usually go in the following order.

MANNER – PLACE – TIME

The children were quietly playing in the garden all day long.

2.If there is a verb of movement (go, come, leave) then the adverbs go in the following order:

PLACE – MANNER – TIME

He came back home in his car at midnight.

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10.Adverbs hard, fast, high, deep, early, low, late, long, near, straight, right, wrong look like adjectives: It’s an early morning. (adjective). He gets up early (adverb)

11.The following pairs of adverbs have a difference in meaning:

You can visit some of London museums free (without charge = without paying money)

Belarus citizens travel freely within Russia.(without visas)

Birds fly high in the sky. (at a high level) His job is highly paid. (very much)

On Sundays he gets up late (not early). He has read lots of books lately. (recently)

He always works hard. (well, with effort) He hardly works at all. (scarcely)

I walk to school as my house is quite near. (close) He nearly missed the lecture. (almost)

NOTE: The following words friendly, likely, lovely, lively, lonely, silly and ugly end in -ly-, but they are not adverbs, they are adjectives.

The atmosphere in the team was friendly. I think she is a silly girl.

To form their adverbs use the word way/manner.

He explained everything in a friendly manner.(how?)

ADVERBS WITH TWO FORMS AND DIFFERENCE

IN MEANING

There are adverbs which have two forms (with -ly- and without - -ly-) and they have different meanings:

1.to dig deep – (копать глубоко)

deeply excited (greatly) – глубоко (морально)

2.to go direct – (прямо, без пересадки)

to go directly (immediately) – немедленно

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5.full (exactly, very) – точно, как раз

fully (completely) – полностью, совершенно

11.wide (off-target) – широко

widely (to a large extent) – widely known (широко известен)

12.wrong (incorrectly) – неправильно wrongly (unjustly) – несправедливо

EXERCISE 19. Choose the correct item.

1.You (wrong /wrongly) accused him of telling a lie.

2.“Do you mean to leave (short / shortly)?” “Yes. I’ve (near / nearly) finished”

3.Tom succeeded in getting to Madrid (easy / easily) by flying there (direct / directly).

4.He’ll (sure / surely) pass the exam, as he always study (hard / hardly).

5.It’s not (wide / widely) known that the disabled can get medication (free / freely).

6.The teacher was (deep /deeply) upset by her students’ behaviour (late / lately).

7.Jane was (pretty / prettily) confused when she saw that she arrived(last / lastly) at the party.

8.I am not (full / fully) satisfied with the doctor. He’s (wrong / wrongly) diagnosed my previous disease.

9.Pilots fly very (high /highly) that’s why they are (high / highly) paid.

10.When Jane saw a snake she stopped (short / shortly.)

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Chapter XV. PRONOUNS – POSSESSIVES –

DEMONSTRATIVES – QUANTIFIERS

They are used without nouns.

This is my house. It’s not as large as yours.

This is not your pen, it’s mine.

This is not the Browns’ car. Theirs is white.

II. Reflexive pronouns:

1.

myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself themselves herself

itself (ñàì, ñàìè, ñàìà, ñàìî)

1)James taught himself to play the guitar.

2)Sue always looks at herself in the mirror to check hair style.

3)The computer always turns itself off when I don’t use it for a long time.

2.We use reflexives pronouns with such verbs as behave, burn, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, kill, look at, teach, etc. when the object is the same person or thing as the subject.

Boys, please, behave yourselves!

He taught himself how to repair a bike.

NOTE: They are not used after prepositions of place:

He looked behind him – Он оглянулся.

3.We often use the reflexive pronouns with BY when we mean alone without friends, company, without help.

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My granny lives by herself. (alone, without relatives, on her own) She never travels by herself. (without company, alone)

He fixed the computer by himself. (no one helped him)

4. Learn the following expressions:

Enjoy yourself – have a good time. (веселись, развлекайся) Behave yourself – be good (веди себя хорошо)

Help yourself to – take something if you want.(угощайся) Make yourself at home – feel comfortable (чувствуй себя как дома)

Make yourself heard – speak loudly

Make yourself understood – make your meaning clear.

5. Don’t use these pronouns with the following verbs:

Feel (tired, nervous, happy, embarrassed, at a loss) Relax – HE relaxed – (расслабился)

Concentrate – He concentrated – Он сосредоточился.

Meet – They met at the party. – Они встретились на вечеринке.

6.We don’t normally use reflexive pronouns with the verbs dress, wash, shave hurry. But when we want to say that something was done with great difficulty, you can use them

He was very weak after being wounded, but he manage to shave himself.

EXERCISE 20. Use the necessary pronouns.

1.The youngest brother was asked to behave ____ at Susan’s wedding.

2.At the final ceremony all the winners looked proud of ______.

3.The doctor advised me to exercise regularly in order to keep ____

healthy.

4.My little kitten always washes _____ after playing in the yard.

5.When my kids visited Disneyland in Paris they enjoyed ___ very much.

6.My son can’t translate such texts ______.

7.At all big supermarkets doors open and close _____.

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8.When he lost his way at the picnic, he shouted loudly to make

____ heard.

9.We decided to phone her _____.

10.She spoke distinctly in order to make _____ understood.

III.EVERY – EACH

1.Both of them are used with singular countable nouns. Each is usually used when they speak about two things or people while every refers to three or more.

At last Tom appeared having instruments in each hands.(he has two hands)

Every student has to take exams.(all students)

“Every” means everybody, everything or all. Each means a person or thing taken apart at a time.

2. Every one (not every), each one or each can be followed by OF.

I have bought a collection of reproductions and I like every one of them.

3.Every is used to show how often events, things happen: every month, every two weeks, every year, every time after eating, every Christmas.

REMEMBER! After the expressions nearly, almost, without exception and practically you should use EVERY (not each)

She has sent Christmas greetings to every classmate without exception.

EXERCISE 21. Use EACH or EVERY in the sentences.

1.Jane goes to sleep at 10.30 ___ evening.

2.Before doing the exercise, read ____ sentence attentively.

3.______ mother worries about her children and takes care of them.

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4.Poly has music classes ____ Monday.

5.____ student was given a test and the exam started.

6._____ student has to pass exams while studying at university.

7.We enjoyed _____ minute of the festival’s opening ceremony.

8.I phoned six times and ___ time there was no reply. There was nobody in the office.

9.She must be very wealthy. She wears golden rings on ___ finger.

10.These toys cost one dollar ____.

IV. MANY, MUCH, A LOT (OF), (A) FEW, (A) LITTLE, BOTH, WHOLE, ALL

1.Many is used with plural countable nouns, much with uncountable nouns.

I haven’t got many books by Danielle Steel. I haven’t got much time.

2.They are usually used in negative and interrogative sentences. In affirmative sentences they are used with TOO to show that there is more of something than is needed, (слишком) so they have negative meaning and after SO, AS, VERY.

You spend too much time playing computer games. You ‘ll spoil your health.

I’ve told you too many times not to do it.

3.In other cases we use A LOT OF / LOTS Of with both countable and uncountable nouns.

NOTE: Don’t use OF if there is no noun.

Have you got many relatives? Yes, I’ve got a lot.

REMEMBER! We use the following words most, some, any many, much few, little, several, etc. + OF when we know people or things (this, these, the, those, etc)

Most families want to have children, but most of the families I know are without them.

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4.(A) little is used with singular (uncountable) nouns (sugar, money, coffee, traffic.) and (a) few with plurals (dresses, students, towns, etc.).

Little and Few are rather negative, meaning not much, not many. A little means not much, but enough; A few means not many,

but enough.

So they are a bit more positive: their meaning is more like some. Very little and very few mean hardly any and very is used for

emphasis.

We also use only a few / only a little.

5.Both (of) refers to two people and needs a plural verb. All refers to more than two and is followed by a plural verb.

Both women are in business and both of them earn a lot of money. All the books were exciting and all of them cost much.

6. Whole is used with singular countable nouns. We use all with uncountable and plural nouns.

Compare:

a whole film all the actors

a whole orchestra – all the musicians

NOTE: the whole ... / all the.

Before the names of country, cities, places – the whole of

V.“OTHER” FORMS, SOME /ANY /NO, ELSE

1.Another means additional, one more, an extra one and is used with singular countable nouns.

Could you give me another pen. Mine if not writhing.

NOTE: another can be used with plural nouns of money, time and distance.

another few weeks, another two miles another five dollars

2. Other / another = different, apart of already mentioned.

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I don’t like the dress. Can you show me another one”? Have you any other shoes in brown to match my coat?

3.Other / others. Other people = others (unknown to us). The other people = the others (known to us)

Some people enjoy underwater swimming, others dislike it. “You are only three! Where are the others?”

4. Each other = one another (when the subject is two people);

Mark and Sara met each other at University.(Mark met Sara and Sara met Mark)

Use either one another or each other when the subject is more than two people.

They all tell one another /each other about their hobbies.

REMEMBER! Possessive forms are each other’s and one another’s

The classmates have taken one another’s email addresses.

Mark and Sara have taken each other’s photos.

5.NOTE: Every other day = через день. I do swimming every other day.

Every other month = через месяц.

I go on abusiness trip every other month.

The other day = a few days ago (íà äíÿõ)

6.Some, any, no are used with countable and uncountable nouns. (some books, some petrol)

Some, something, somebody / someone, somewhere are usually used in affirmative sentences.

We need some milk. He is thinking about something.

BUT: Would you like something to drink? (offer) Could you give me some coffee? (request)

I have been to Italy twice. Shall we go somewhere else? (we want to hear “yes”)

7.Any, anything, anyone / anybody, anywhere are used in interrogative and negative sentences. They are also used with negative words

as without, never, seldom, rarely, hardly, etc.

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He was able to do it without any help.

But they can be used in affirmative sentences in a different meaning.

You may take any book you like. (любую)

He makes friends anywhere he goes. (куда бы) Anyone can visit the museum free. (любой турист)

8. Else means “more”, “other, different”.

It is used after “who, what, why, when, where, somebody, nothing, anybody, etc.”.

Who else knows about it? Where else can I find such books?

Anything else and nothing else can be used with “but”. He can say nothing else but the truth.

Else has the possessive form – else’s. It’s not my umbrella, it’s somebody else’s.

VI. NEITHER, NONE, EITHER

1.Neither refers to two people, groups or things but it has a negative meaning.

Neither of the teams has / have won the game. The match ended in a draw. (neither of is followed by plural noun and can have singular or plural verb)

But: Neither computer is fixed. Neither Peter nor his parents know about it.

Neither the tourists nor the guide is going to visit this place.

2.None of means more than two people, groups or things and has also negative meaning. It is followed by either a singular or plural verb.

None of my classmates has / have ever won in the lottery. But: “How many plays by Shakespeare have you read in the original?” – “None.”

3.Either refers to two groups, people or things and is used with a singular countable noun.

Either colour matches my black coat.

Either of + two things or people can have either a singular or plural verb (like Neither of)

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