Трудности грамматики английского языка = The Complexities of English Grammar. Пособие для подготовки к централизованному тестированию и экзамену

11. Enough and quite

Quite means fairly, but not very.

The book I’ve read was quite interesting.

Enough means satisfactory, sufficient.

He was clever enough to understand it.

12. On time and in time

On time means at the correct time, neither late or early. Every one should be in the office on time.

In time means not late.

I think we’ll arrive at the station in time.

13. Besides, except, but, except for, apart from

Besides (adv) means in addition, including, as well, moreover. Besides maths and physics he is good at languages.

Except (prep) means not including, apart from (is used in the middle of the sentences.

He speaks all European languages except Portuguese.

But (ñîþç) not including, apart from (never at the beginning of the sentence)

I bought everything I had planned but Irish cheese.

Except for (prep) means not including, apart from (usually followed by a noun or -ing form.

Except for the James, everyone wanted to go on atwo – day trip.

Apart from (prep) not including (usually followed by a noun or - ing form.)

Apart from Dorothy, everyone agreed to help the disabled.

USAGE NOTE: Apart from can be used in the meaning of Besides and Except.

Every student came on time apart from (except) Helen.

Apart from (besides) playing computer games, what else have you done today?

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14. Since and for

Since (prep) from a certain time in the past until a later past time or the present.

Dan has been in Swansea since the New Year holiday

For (prep) showing how long something have been in action. Dan has been in Swansea for two weeks.

15. Hear and listen

Hear means to distinguish, to receive sounds with the ears. I can hear birds singing in my garden.

Listen means to hear intentionally, deliberately.

I listen to music every evening

16. At the beginning and in the beginning

At the beginning — at time when smth starts.

At the beginning of the film there was exciting music

In the beginning — initially, but then smth changes.

Carmina thought Spanish was difficult in the beginning, but now she doesn’t think so.

17. At the end and in the end

At the end means at the last part of smth. At the end of the film the main hero perished.

In the end means finally, at last.

We agued about the way home, but in the end they agreed to get

ataxi.

18.To find and to found

To find means to discover. (found, found)

I put her phone number on a sheet of paper and can’t find it now.

To found means to establish, build, create. (founded, founded) This Siberian city was founded in the 1960-es by young people.

19. To lie and to lay

To lie means to put one’s body on a bed or sofa (lay, lain)

He was tired at work so when he lay in bed, he fell asleep at once.

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To lie — to tell smth that is not truth (lied, lied)

Never tell me a lie as I always feel you do it.

To lay means to put or place smth on a table, floor or another surface (laid, laid)

The table should be laid quickly. Take the things and lay them on it.

20. Do and make

Expressions with DO

do business — заниматься бизнесом do a favour — сделать одолжение do harm — причинять вред

do good — приносить пользу

do right / wrong — поступить правильно / неправильно do (a lot of or much) damage — причинять ущерб

do homework — выполнять домашнее задание do exercises — делать упражнения

do the housework — выполнять работу по дому do the room — приводить комнату в порядок do research — проводить исследования

do miracles — творить чудеса, делать удивительные вещи do subjects at school — учить предметы в школе

do well — преуспевать

do badly — плохо делать что-то dо a job — выполнять работу

do with or without — обойтись с чем-то или без чего-то do sports — заниматься спортом

do something for a living — зарабатывать на жизнь do the shopping — делать покупки

do one’s best — сделать все возможное

do one’s worst — сделать самым худшим образом do one’s hair — делать прическу, причесаться

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do everything possible — сделать все возможное do a service — обслужить, оказать услугу

do a translation — сделать перевод

do someone credit — отдать должное, делать честь чему-то do one’s duty — исполнять свой долг

do justice — воздать по заслугам, воздать должное

do the washing up — мыть посуду do a crossword — решать кроссворд

do an experiment — проводить эксперимент

Expressions with MAKE

make a mistake — ошибиться

make a fire — развести огонь, костер

make an arrangement — договориться, условиться make a choice — делать выбор

make an appointment — назначить встречу make an attempt — сделать попытку

make an effort — сделать усилие make an excuse — извиниться

make an offer or suggestion — предложить что-то make an acquaintance — знакомиться

make a bargain — осуществлять сделку make an enemy of — нажить врага

make both ends meet — сводить концы с концами make a fortune — разбогатеть

make an impression — произвести впечатление make a bed — застелить постель

make friends with — подружиться make progress — добиться прогресса make some coffee — приготовить кофе make sure — убедиться

make a joke — пошутить над кем-то

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make fun of — дразнить, потешаться make a fool of somebody — одурачивать

make money — зарабатывать, делать деньги

make oneself at home — чувствовать себя как дома make sense of — иметь смысл

make one’s way home — отправиться домой

make rules and regulation — составить свод правил make money — наживать деньги

make trouble — побеспокоить

make changes — менять, изменить что-то make preparations — подготовиться

make war — воевать, вести войну

make up one’s mind — принять решение make a guess — отгадать

make a speech — выступить с речью make a decision — принять решение make a journey — совершить поездку make a phone call — позвонить

make a profit — извлечь, получить прибыль make a dress — сшить платье

make peace — помириться

make an exception — делать исключение make discovery — совершить открытие make (no) difference — (не) иметь значение make a noise — шуметь

make notes — делать заметки make certain of — удостовериться make a promise — пообещать make a complaint — пожаловаться make a loss — понести убыток

make a mess — сделать беспорядок make a cake — испечь торт

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4.When we speak about somebody’s business — at the doctor’s, at the baker’s, at the hairdresser’s.

5.To show the time — at 4 o’clock, to speak about holidays — at Christmas, at the weekend, at Easter.

6.In the expressions: at noon, at night, at midnight, at dinner

time, at lunchtime at present, at dawn, at the moment.

IN is used

1.With the names of cities, towns, countries and continents, streets: in Europe, in Egypt, in Paris, in Oxford Street (without the number of the house).

2.In the following expressions:

In the sea, in a newspaper / magazine / book, in the film, in a / the picture / photo, in the lesson, in one’s hand, in prison, in the sky, in the world, in the morning, in the afternoon, in an hour (через час), in a minute, (month, year)

3. When we speak about months, seasons, years and centuries:

In May, in (the) summer, in 1989, in our century, in the 20th century.

NOTE: Mind the difference of the usage of IN and AT with the names of buildings.

I study at University, (university is for studying) I’ll wait for you in the University.(inside of the building)

My children are at the circus (they are watching a performance)

There was very hot in the circus (in the building)

ON is used

1.In the expressions: on the table, on the floor, on the ground floor, on the left /right, on a platform, on a page, on an island, on the beach, on the coast, on a map, on a farm, on a screen, on the face, on a menu, on a sofa, on a chair, on /at the corner of the street

But: in the armchair, in the corner of the room.

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2.In the expressions of days, dates: on Friday, on Friday morning, on my birthday, on 5th July and when there is an adjective before the name of the day — on a frosty morning

NOTE: We use the preposition BY when we mean a means of transport:

to go by train / bus / plane /car / taxi / boat (but ON foot).

It’s not right to use BY when there is an article or a possessive adjective before the name of transport.

On the train, on the plane, on the bus, on the 10o’clock train.

But: in my car, in the taxi, in dad’s car

REMEMBER:

1. Prepositions of time are not used:

a)with the words: any, all, each, every, last next, some and this, every weekend, this week, last month, next year, any day, one day.

b)with the words: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow

He will see the doctor tomorrow morning.

2.

a) For — в течение (периода времени) for 5 days

For — из-за, потому что For — для

b) Since — since 5o’clock (с пяти часов). С тех пор.

Since — since he was ill (так как он был болен) так как

Despite (несмотря на) Despite the bad weather… In spite of (несмотря на) In spite of bad weather…

Among — среди трех и более Between — между двумя, среди двух

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Before — перед (предлог времени)

In front of — перед (предлог места)

Independently of — независимо от

With the exception of — за исключением

In case of — в случае

As if — êàê åñëè áû

As though — как будто бы

Chapter XXIII. TRANSLATION SOME RUSSIAN

FRAGMENTS INTO ENGLISH

Do you know how to translate these Russian fragments into English?

1. Кроме — besides (в дополнение) expect (за исключением)

apart from — (besides and except)

but (после all, none, nobody, nothing) he does nothing but watch TV.

2. Последний — the last book — (the writer is dead)

the latest book (the writer is alive)

I saw him last ... (about a living person)

I saw him for the last time… (about a dead person)

Последний / яя форум, фестиваль, конференция, Олимпийские игры, и т.д.

The recent forum, festival, conference, congress, Olympic Games, etc.

3. Хозяин — owner — владелец

landlord — сдающий квартиру host — принимающий гостей

master — хозяин положения, ситуации

4. Одолжить — borrow from — одолжить у кого-то lend to — одолжить кому-то

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11.Никто из двоих — neither of them.

12.Своими словами / другими словами — in your own words / in other words.

13.Под дождем / под солнцем — in the rain /in the sun

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