Трудности грамматики английского языка = The Complexities of English Grammar. Пособие для подготовки к централизованному тестированию и экзамену
.pdfand at the same time they can replace the subject + verb of either sentence.
I had a long talk with teachers and parents. (first action) Then chose University. (second action)
I had a long talk with teachers and parents before choosing University.
After having a long talk with teachers and parents, I chose University. (don’t forget to use a comma if before or after are at the beginning of the sentence.)
When, while and since + -ing
They are used in a similar way to before and after + -ing. When + -ing links two action happening at the same time.
When leaving the house, you should be sure that the gas is switched off.
While + -ing links a longer action with the action which happens in the middle of it.
While writing the book, I change the plot of it. (mind the comma)
Since + -ing links an ongoing action to the action when it began
Since moving to Spain, he has phoned three times. (mind the comma)
Even though and Even if
These words are used to emphasize (усилить) contrast. Even though is used when we are certain about something:
John was given the job even though he had no any experience in office work. (we know about it)
Even if is used when we are not sure about the facts.
I’ll go on the excursion even if I don’t finish my essay. (I don’t know whether I’ll finish the essay or not)
Participle clauses
The present and the past participle. They are used to combine two sentences if they have the same subject They can replace the subject = verb of the first sentence.
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I work at my new book + I sometimes change the plot. Working at my new book, I sometimes change the plot. (notice
the comma)
I was asked about the new film. I said it was fantastic.
Asked about the new film, I said it was fantastic. (notice the comma)
The present participle replaces an active verb.
We were short of time. We had to take a taxi.
Being short of time, we had to take a taxi.
The past participle replaces apassive verb:
“Hamlet” was written long ago. Nowadays it is staged by theatres in different country.
Written long ago, “Hamlet” is staged by theatres in different country.
USAGE NOTICE: The present participle shows what kind of person or thing we talk about.
The past participle shows what we feel.
Examples:
The day was tiring and we got tired.
The film was boring and we were bored.
The performance was exciting. The children were excited.
EXERCISE 31. Choose the right variant of the answer.
1. ____ the fact that the film is very old, it is still very popular.
1) |
although |
3) |
despite |
2) |
in spite |
4) |
even if |
2.____ she is not keen on computers, granny emails us on our birthdays.
1) |
although |
3) |
in spite |
2) |
despite |
4) |
even though |
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3. This actress doesn’t earn very much, _____ being talented enough.
1) |
in spite of |
3) |
though |
2) |
despite |
4) |
even if |
4.I know that the original of the picture is in the Prado, _____ I’ve never been to Madrid.
1) |
although |
3) |
but |
2) |
though |
4) |
in spite of |
5. ______ injuring his foot, he took second place in the race.
1) |
despite |
3) |
in spite |
2) |
even though |
4) |
although |
6. ____ winning the lottery, he became a wealthy man.
1) |
in spite of |
3) |
after |
2) |
before |
4) |
even though |
7. _____ signing this contract, you should study it carefully.
1) |
after |
3) |
although |
2) |
in spite of |
4) |
before |
8.Tom’s father promised to him a car ______ he doesn’t pass his exams.
1) |
though |
3) |
despite |
2) |
even if |
4) |
in spite of |
9.______ that Ann searched everywhere, she didn’t find the passport.
1) |
though |
3) |
even though |
2) |
despite the fact |
4) |
in spite |
10.Harris went on working long hours, ______ his doctor told him to take it easy.
1) |
in spite of |
3) |
although |
2) |
despite that |
4) |
in spite of that |
11.Sara quite enjoys musicals, _____ she really prefers serious dramas.
1) |
although |
3) |
in spite |
2) |
but |
4) |
despite the fact |
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12. ____ Jane is only fourteen, she has appeared on TV twice.
1) |
but |
3) |
although |
2) |
despite that |
4) |
in spite of |
13. They are sure they’ll have a barbecue ______ it rains.
1) |
although |
3) |
despite |
2) |
though |
4) |
even if |
14. Agnes hardly receives any letters _____ she sends lots.
1) |
in spite of |
3) |
even if |
2) |
even though |
4) |
despite |
15.My granddad swims even in winter _____ being in his early eighties.
1) |
despite |
3) |
in spite of the fact |
2) |
despite of |
4) |
but |
Chapter XX. REPORTED (INDIRECT) SPEECH
Direct speech is the exact information someone gave: “It’s late”, Paul said.
Indirect (Reported) speech is the meaning of what was said by somebody. He said that it was late.
1.If the verb in the main clause stands in Present or Future, the tense in indirect speech is not changed.
She has promised, “You will know about it”. She has promised that I’ll know about it.
Nell says to me, “Your girlfriend has come”. Nell tells me that my girlfriend has come.
2.If the verb in the main clause stands in the past tense, the verbs in indirect speech are changed according to sequence of tenses.
Lina said to Paul, “They will meet you at the airport”. Lina told Paul that they would meet him at the airport.
She said to me, “The guests have already come”. She told me that the guests had already come.
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3.Past Simple and Past Continuous do not change if there is the time of the action.
John said. “I began to run the company in 2005”. John said that he began to run the company in 2005.
She said to me, “I saw you when you were standing at the bus stop.”
She told me that she saw me when I was standing at the bus stop.
4.Some words and time expressions change according to the meaning of the sentence.
Now — then, at that time, immediately
Tonight, today — that night, that day
Tomorrow — the next day, the following day
Yesterday — the day before, the previous day
This week— that week, here — there, come — go
Last week — the week before, the previous week
Next week — the following week, the week after
Three day ago — three days before.
This / these — that, those
5. Some modal verbs change in reported speech as following:
will / shall — would |
can — could /would be able |
|
(future reference) |
may — might |
must — must /had to(obligation) |
can — could |
shall — should |
|
(asking for advice) |
|
offer (expressing offers) |
She said, “I can give you a lift tomorrow”. She said she could give me a lift the next day
The boss said, “You must finish it today”. The boss told me that I must / had to finish it that day.
6.Certain verbs do not change: Would, could, should, might, ought to, had better, used to, mustn’t.
As for must, it doesn’t change when it expresses a logical assumption (должно быть)
Dad said, “Mum must be upset”. Dad said (that) mum must be upset.
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7.In real conditionals tenses change as following: Present Simple becomes Past Simple, and will becomes would.
‘I’ll phone you if he comes’, she said. She said that she would phone me if he came.
8. In unreal conditionals tenses do not change.
‘If I had more money, I would buy a new car’, Peter said. Peter said that he would buy a new car if he had more money.
9. Tenses can either change or remain the same in two cases:
1. Up-to-date reporting.
‘I am going to Tom’s birthday party tonight’, Liza told her parents.
Liza told her parents that she is going to Tom’s birthday party tonight.
2. When reporting law of nature, a well-known fact or general truth.
‘The Tiger lives in the jungle’, the teacher said. The teacher said that the tiger lives in the jungle.
10.Orders and requests are expressed in indirect speech by the infinitive.
The teacher asked the students, ‘Hand in your compositions, please’
The teacher asked her students to hand in their compositions. Mother told her son, ‘Don’t open the window’
Mother told her son not to open the window.
EXERCISE 32. Chang the following sentences into indirect speech.
1.John said, “I cant meet you at the airport”.
2.Carry said, “I am going to bed early tonight”.
3.“Wash your hands and face”, mother told Sam
4.My sister asked me, “Don’t tell anybody about it”.
5.He said, “Australia is a very big island”.
6.The boss asked, “How did you manage to do it?”
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7.He said, “We visited London in 2004”.
8.Mother advised dad, “You must consult the doctor”.
9.She said, “I saw you when you were leaving the airport”.
10.Peter admitted, “I don’t like to get up early”.
11.He announced, “I had finished the essay by Friday”.
12.John said, “If I win in the lottery, I’ll go on a round-the-world trip”.
13.Harry said, “If I were you, I wouldn’t buy this old car”.
14.Frank said, “If I had known about your arrival, I would have met you”.
15.She announced, “My husband wants to discuss the problem with you”.
16.Sue complained, “I am always tired”.
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
1. They are used when people want to be polite asking something.
Where is the station? – this question sounds impolite.
Could you tell me where the station is? – the indirect question sounds polite.
Indirect questions have a normal word order, we don’t use ‘do, does, did’ and other auxiliary verbs before the subject.
I wonder who will do it. I’d like to know when he came back.
The question mark is used only direct questions begin with “can you, could you, do you” or other question words.
Could you tell me when the conference starts?
If the direct question is a yes / no one, the indirect one begins with “if / whether”
I wonder if / whether you have sent the letter.
2.If the direct question begins with a question word (who, what, where, when, why) the indirect one begins with this question word and has a normal order of words.
Tom asked, ’When will you come?’ Tom asked me when I would come.
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Ann asked mother, ‘What are you going to do?’ Ann asked her mother what she was going to do.
NOTE: Indirect questions are introduced by the following phrases and questions:
I wonder if you know …...
I wonder if you could tell me .... …
I would like to know ... …
Do you know ... …?
Could you let me know ...…?
Can you tell me ...?
Could you tell me ...…?
I wonder if you have met him before.
I wonder if you could tell me what time is it.
I would like to know when the festival opens.
Do you know if they speak English?
Could you let me know why the flight is delayed?
Can you tell me where the nearest cafe is?
Could you tell me how much the coat costs?
Some other common phrases to introduce indirect questions:
I don’t understand…... I want to understand ...…I can’t imagine…...
I’d like to find out ...…Let’s ask ... …Do you know…... Do you understand ...…Could you explain ...…Who knows…... We need to find out...…I’d like to find out…... It doesn’t say ...…Would you show me ...…Can you remember ...…I’d like to know ...…I am not sure…It doesn’t say ...…
EXERCISE 33. You are a journalist and are to interview a famous actor using the phrases given above.
Example: Where do you come from?
I’d like to know where you come from.
1.Where do you come from?
2.Do you enjoy living in your country?
3.How many films have you starred in?
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4.Which is your favourite role?
5.Who is your favourite producer?
6.What kind of roles do you prefer?
7.Do you often meet other famous actors?
8.Which of them do you like best?
9.Do you travel much?
10.Have you ever been to the USA?
11.Are you satisfied with your life?
12.What would you like to change?
13.What are your plans for future?
Chapter XXI. WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED
1. Affect and effect
Affect means to influence sb / sth.
The economic crisis has affected lots of plants
Effect means result, change made by some actions. The effect of his speech was great.
2. Ago and before
Ago means before now. He left for London two weeks ago.
Before means before a past moment, time.
James lived in this house before getting married.
3. After and afterwards
After (preposition) means following in time. He sent me a cable after he’d learnt the result.
Afterwards (adverb) means at a later time.
They visited the café and afterwards left the park.
4. All ready and already
All ready means everyone is ready.
As you are all ready, it’s time to begin.
Already means by this time.
Harris has already finished his project.
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5. Beside and besides
Beside means next to.
Who was sitting beside you at the meeting?
Besides means in addition to, also.
Who will go the concert besides you and me?
6. By and until
By means no later than the set time. You must give your answer by Saturday.
Until means before the set time, not after it. I’ll be at work until 5 o’clock. Phone me there..
7. Bring and take
Bring means move smb or smth towards smb. or smth. If you come, bring me the umbrella.
Take means move smb. or smth away from smb. Will you take the kids to the Zoo?
8. Good and well
Good means nice, pleasant, not bad. James speak good English
Well (adverb) in a good way.
James speak English well.
Well (adjective) healthy
After taking some pain-killers, he felt well.
9. Hard and hardly
Hard means difficult, not easy.
She will pass her exams as she works hard.
Hardly means barely
She won’t pass her exams as she hardly studies/
10. It’s or its
It’s = it is or it has (short form).
It’s high time to go to bed. It’s 2 weeks since he left.
Its = belonging to a thing or animal.
The cat hurt its paw.
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