Трудности грамматики английского языка = The Complexities of English Grammar. Пособие для подготовки к централизованному тестированию и экзамену
.pdf
REMEMBER!
1.Use who to refer to people and which to refer to things and animals
2“That” is not used in nondefining clauses. (after a comma or preposition)
3. There is a comma both before and after a non-defining clause.
Peter, who knows much about dogs, helped me to choose a lovely puppy.
4.You can’t leave out
a)who or which of a non-defining clause. She remembers Frank, who she met in Italy.
b)whose
Dad, this is the boy whose bicycle I broke.
c) where
This is the bank where my brother works.
5.Which (and only which) is used to connect a whole sentence dealing with a fact, situation, a piece of news or action with a comment on them.
Our favourite team lost the game. (information, news)
It disappointed all of us. (comment on it)
Our favourite team lost the game, which disappointed all of us.
USAGE NOTE:
Remember! Русская фраза “Теперь, когда” переводится на английский язык – Now that.
Now that he got married, he is becoming more and more thoughtful.
EXECISE 27. Choose the right variant of the answer.
1.Harris, ____ I went to school, has become an editor of the local magazine.
1) who |
2) that |
3) which 4) with whom |
101
2.Do you remember the night ____ we ate at the restaurant ____
Mr. Johnson owns?
1) |
when, that |
3) |
which, |
that |
2) |
that, whose |
4) |
which, |
– |
3.My favourite cousin, _____ lives in the USA, is coming tomorrow.
|
1) |
which |
2) |
who |
3) |
that |
4) |
—— |
4. |
Susan found the souvenirs ____ she wanted at the gift shop. |
|||||||
|
1) |
what |
2) |
whose |
3) |
that |
4) |
whom |
5. |
He used to enjoy the summer, _____ we had a big family picnic. |
|||||||
|
1) |
which |
2) |
that |
3) |
when |
4) |
where |
6. |
Let’s try to agree on the time _____ we can all get together. |
|||||||
|
1) |
where |
2) |
– |
3) |
at |
4) |
which |
7. |
She is a person for______very few people feel much sympathy. |
|||||||
|
1) |
who |
2) |
which |
3) |
whom |
4) |
that |
8.My new house, _____ I moved to last week, seems like a lovely place.
1) who 2) which 3) that 4) whose
9. Commercials on TV take a lot of time, ____ irritates a lot of people.
|
1) |
that |
2) |
which |
3) |
what |
4) |
this |
10. |
I think there are reasons _____people become coach-potatoes. |
|||||||
|
1) |
which |
2) |
that |
3) |
why |
4) |
when |
11. |
Now _____ he changed his job, he has got more free time. |
|||||||
|
1) |
when |
2) |
that |
3) |
what |
4) |
how |
12.Dave, ______ I met at Tom’s birthday party, called me last night.
1) that 2) who 3) which 4) whose
13. I asked my son to pay all the bills _____ are due this month. 1) when 2) that 3) – 4) they
102
14.The only painter _____ pictures I‘d like to have in my collection is Moune.
1) whom |
2) that |
3) whose |
4) which |
15.My sister’s new cottage is next to the beach _____ we often go swimming.
1) in where |
2) which |
3) where |
4) – |
Chapter XVIII. QUESTIONS, QUESTION TAGS,
ADDITIONS
Use WH – questions for specific information, which begin with who, what, where, when, why, whose, how, how many, how much and how long.
Who did you meet on the way to school?
How many people came to the concert?
Why did you do it? etc.
1.When you ask about the subject, use Who instead of the subject and the word order is the same as in a statement.
Tom told me about it. Who told you about it?
2.When you ask about other members of the sentence you need an auxiliary (helping) verb. A form of the verb to be(is, was, are,
were) or do does, did,have, has, will, can, should.
USAGE NOTE: After do, does, did, will and modal verbs you must use bare infinitive.
Do you have a pet at home? Will you go to the party? When does the train start?
QUESATION TAGS
Question tags follow sentences and are used to check whether the sentence is true or the speaker wants to hear agreement. If the statement is affirmative, the question tag is negative. If the statement is
103
negative, the tag is affirmative. Question tags are not used after questions.
1. ‘To be’ as a main verb.
You are French, aren’t you?
They aren’t from Germany, are they?
USAGE NOTE:
If in the sentence there is AM, in the tag is AREN’T I am here to help you, aren’t I?
If in the sentence we have AM NOT, in the tag is
AM I?
I am not angry, am I?
2.If ‘to be’ is not a main verb, question tags are formed with the help of the verbs: do, does, did, modal verbs, would, will, have, has
James has a lovely flat, doesn’t he? They don’t live in Japan now, do they?
The children enjoyed themselves at the circus, didn’t they?
3.Use they to refer to everybody, somebody, nobody, no one, etc. Everybody agreed, didn’t they? No one came, did they?
4.Use non-negative tags if in the statement there are the words: never, no, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely.
He never writes letters, does he?
He hardly understands the situation, does he?
5.Use it in the tags to refer to nothing.
Nothing happened, did it?
6.Repeat “there” in the question tag. There is no money in the box, is there?
7.When you ask people to stop doing something, use “will / won’t you?”
Stop talking, won’t you?
When you ask or tell people to do things, you can use “will / would, can / can’t / could”
104
Pass me the newspaper, will you? (would you, could you) Don’t forget to phone tonight, could you?
Don’t talk! Will you?
8.Use “Shall we?” if the statement contains “Let’s”. Let’s go to the concert tonight, shall we?
9.If the subject of the statement is “this” or “that”, the subject of the question tag is “it”
This is our postman, isn’t it?
That was a good idea, wasn’t it?
10. You have a pet, don’t you? (‘have ‘ is a main verb)
You have read the book, haven’t you? (“have” is an auxiliary verb)
But: He had better do it now, hadn’t he?
ADDITIONS
Additions are short sentences or phrases that come after a statement and used to avoid repeating the information of the statement.
1. Use SO or TOO after affirmative sentences.
Sue is a doctor and so is her daughter. Sue is a doctor and her daughter is, too.
2.After a negative sentence use NEITHER / NOR, or NOT, EITHER.
Mary doesn’t like spicy food. Neither do I. (Nor do I.) Mary doesn’t like spicy food. I don’t, either.
USAGE NOTE: Mind the word order after SO and NEITHER /NOR ! (the verb comes before the subject)
So do I; Neither has she; Nor did Tom; So does Jack.
3.If in the statement there is a form of BE, use a form of be in addition. If the statement has an auxiliary verb, use the same in the addition. If there is Past or Present Simple, use DO /DOES, DID in the addition.
105
1.My husband isn’t from Canada and nor am I.
2.My husband has retired. So have I.
3.Jim lives in Ireland. So does Jack.
4.My friend bought a new dress. So did I.
EXERCISE 28. Provide the sentences with the right question tags.
1.We don’t need any more money, ...…?
2.Somebody’s left this wallet, ...…?
3.There is a light outside there, ...…?
4.That’s the law, …...?
5.Everybody’s here, ...…?
6.He is never happy,…...?
7.Let’s have a party outside, ...…?
8.There’s scarcely enough time, ...…?
9.Don’t chat in classes, …...?
10.I’m here to help you,…...?
EXERCISE 29. Choose one out of two given variants.
I want to tell you a funny episode from our school life. It happened when Peter and I were in the same class. We shared one desk. We looked alike and the classmate thought we were twins. 1. Neither /So did our teachers. One day we were given a test. I got tasks 4 and 12 wrong. Peter did, 2. so /too. Peter didn’t spell the words ‘particularly’ and ‘scarcely’ correctly 3. and either /neither did I. Our mistakes made teacher be sure we had cheated. I got a bad mark and 4. so did /got Peter. It was useless to convince the teacher, she didn’t believe us. The headmaster didn’t, 5. either /too. But they decided to prove that they were right and gave us a new test. We were in different corners of the room. That time I didn’t get tasks 7 and 8 right and… 6. Nor /So did Peter! The teacher was shocked! 7. So /Too was the headmaster! Our friends got a lot of fun!
106
Chapter IX. LINKING WORDS (Coединяющие)
I. Expressing reason:
1.Because, as and since
1)They explain the reason for something.
2)They may be at the beginning or in the middle of the sen-
tence.
As / Because / Since the weather had changed, they had to stay at home.
They had to stay at home as / because / since the weather had changed.
USAGE NOTE!
1.If they go at the beginning, there is a comma in the middle of the sentence.
As / Because / Since I didn’t listen to the teacher, I didn’t understand the lesson.
2.Because (and only because) can be used to begin the answer to a why-question.
Why didn’t you understand the lesson? Because I didn’t listen to the teacher.
2.So and therefore.
They introduce the result of something. So usually goes in the middle of a sentence. Therefore goes at the beginning of a new sentence.
They may appear any time so we have to be ready.
They may appear any time. Therefore we have to be ready.
You could also say: We have to be ready because they may appear any time.
These sentences have the same meaning:
They may appear any time so we have to be ready.
They may appear any time. Therefore we have to be ready.
As /Since / Because they may appear any time, we have to be ready.
II.Expressing purpose. (In order) to + infinitive, so that + Subject
+verb and so.
107
They are used to link an action and its purpose. SO is always in the middle of the sentence.
Example: I have been working hard for a week so I can finish my essay in time.
In order to and To usually go in the middle of the sentence or rarely at the beginning
I have been working hard for a week in order to finish my essay in time.
To / In order to finish my essay in time, I’ve been working hard for a week.
III. Expressing cause and effect: SO and SUCH
So and such mean ‘as much as this’ and are used when we want to say about cause and effect.
The weather was so nasty that we stayed at home. It was such a nasty day that we stayed at home.
We can use so and such after because:
We stayed at home because the weather was so nasty. We stayed at home because it was such a nasty day.
SO is followed by
1) an adjective or an adverb:
He was so rude that she left the room. He spoke so rudely that she left the room.
2) the words many, much, few with or without a noun. I’ve got so many English books that I don’t use the library.,
SUCH is followed by
1) a / an (if necessary) + adjective e+ noun.
He is such a rich man that he can afford everything. They were such rich people that could afford everything.
2)a /an (if necessary) + noun;
3)the words a lot of with or without a noun.
I spent such a lot (of money) yesterday that I am penniless today.
108
ENOUGH and TOO
1) enough means the right quantity; too means more than enough;
We can use too and enough with adjectives, adverbs and nouns followed by:
2) to-infinitive:
He wasn’t running quickly enough to win the race. The luggage was too heavy to put it into the boot.
3) for something / someone:
Have you got enough money for the taxi?
USAGE NOTE:
Enough goes before a noun, but after an adjective and adverb;
Too goes before many /much + a noun
I’ve got enough money for lunch at the café.
(as much as necessary)
The weather is warm enough for our picnic.
(very good for a picnic)
I am speaking loudly enough to be heard.
(you can hear me)
I‘ve got too much money for lunch.
(more than I need)
The weather is too warm. (even hot)
You are speaking too loudly. (don’t disturb the others)
EXERCISE 30. Fill in the gaps, using the words: in order to, so, too. enough, that, therefore, to
When a person reads English he can develop the impression that one form of English is 1 ____ widely used 2 ____ it will soon combine all the different varieties of English which exist. Is there 3 ______ evidence 4 ______ support this idea? On the one hand, people whose first language is English value their linguistic identity. 5 _____, they try to preserve it from the influence of other forms of English. On the other hand, there are 6 ____ many regional differences in vocabulary for the language to be the same everywhere. People
109
need specialized words 7 ____ discuss local politics, business, culture and natural history.
IN spite of and despite
1. link an event with a situation which makes the event undesirable:
We enjoyed the picnic despite the bad weather.
|
2. are at the beginning or in the middle of the |
|
sentence: |
|
In spite / despite the bad weather, we enjoyed our |
These words |
picnic.(notice the comma) |
|
|
|
3. are followed by -ing or a noun: |
|
He came to work in spite of / despite having a cold. |
|
He came to work in spite of / despite his illness. |
|
4. are followed by the fact that + a sentence. |
|
He came to work in spite / despite the fact that he |
|
had a cold. (in spite of is more common) |
Although, though and but.
1.These words contrast two things, ideas or events. The first two are a bit stronger than but, while though is weaker than although and is more common in every day speaking.
2.But always comes in the middle of the sentence:
I like computer games but I don’t often play them..
3.Although and though can be at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence:
I like computer games though / although I don’t often play them. Although / though I like computer games, I don’t often play them.(mind the comma)
4. They are not used in the same sentence.
Before and After + -ing:
These words show the order in which something happened. They combine two sentences only if both of them have the same subject
110