Трудности грамматики английского языка = The Complexities of English Grammar. Пособие для подготовки к централизованному тестированию и экзамену
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I ____ finish the report by tomorrow. My boss ordered me. |
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1) |
must |
2) |
may |
3) |
have to |
4) should |
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3. |
He had missed a lot of lessons, but ____ write the test very well. |
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1) |
could |
2) was able to |
3) |
can |
4) |
might |
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4. |
Oh, look! James ____ be here, there is his car. |
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1) |
must |
2) |
can |
3)would |
4) should |
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5. |
Oh, look! James ____ have gone home; I don’t see his car. |
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1) |
must |
2) should |
3) |
would |
4) may |
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6. |
You _____ stop smoking or you will get ill. |
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1) |
better |
2) |
should |
3) |
ought |
4) |
can |
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7. |
Why did you carry that heavy box? You ____ hurt yourself. |
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1) |
can |
2) needn’t have |
3) may have |
4) could have. |
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8. |
Everyone understood. The teacher ____ to explain it once more. |
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1) |
may not |
2) must not |
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3) didn’t need |
4) |
needn’t |
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9. |
My parents _____buy a new car last year. |
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1) |
have to |
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2) were able to |
3) ought to |
4) |
should |
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10. Gaby said she_____ be late. You ___ start it without her. |
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1) |
has to, have to |
3) |
ought to, may to |
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2) |
can, can |
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4) |
might, may |
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11. I’ve never seen Tom in this jacket. He _____ it recently. |
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1) |
can have bought; |
3) |
must have bought; |
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2) |
could have bought; |
4) |
may have bought. |
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12. You _____drive without a license. |
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1) |
shouldn’t |
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3) |
don’t have to |
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2) |
couldn’t |
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4) |
mustn’t |
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13. I’m getting fat. I think I ____ eating the wrong kind of food. |
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1) |
can’t be |
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3) |
can be |
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2) |
must be |
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4) |
should be |
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14. The law says that people _____ smoke in banks.
1) |
may |
3) |
don’t have to |
2) |
shouldn’t |
4) |
mustn’t |
15.Kate ____ lunch when she arrived home, because her husband had already cooked it.
1) needn’t have made |
3) |
didn’t need making |
2)didn’t need to make |
4) |
needn’t to make |
16.We ____ so much wine for the party because nobody drank much.
1) |
needn’t buy |
3) |
didn’t |
need to buy |
2) |
needn’t have bought |
4) |
didn’t |
need buying |
17. I’m not sure, but I ____ Sue in town last night.
1) |
can see |
3) |
may have seen |
2) |
must have seen |
4) |
should have seen |
18. My letter ____ yesterday but it didn’t.
1) |
should have arrived |
3) |
may arrive |
2) |
must have arrived |
4) |
ought to arrive |
19. I really think you ____ see the doctor.
1) need |
2) have |
3) should |
4) ought |
20. In this office you ____wear a tie, it’s not necessary.
1) |
can’t |
|
3) |
don’t have to |
2) |
don’t |
need |
4) |
don’t should |
21.He didn’t ____to buy tickets because he’d been given a free visitor pass.
1) |
didn’t need |
3) |
mustn’t |
2) |
needed |
4) |
hadn’t to |
22. There was no bus, so we ___walk home.
1) must |
2) should |
3) had to |
4) could |
23.She is late! I wrote down the directions to our house for her, so she ___ have got lost.
1) needn’t |
2) couldn’t |
3) mustn’t |
4) mightn’t |
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24. I’ve lost my umbrella. I _____ it somewhere.
1) |
must leave |
3) can leave |
2) |
must have left |
4)could leave |
25. You _____ this problem. It had already been solved.
1) |
mustn’t raise |
3) |
shouldn’t raise |
2) |
needn’t have raised |
4) |
you needn’t raise |
Chapter_XI. CONDITIONALS — WISHES — HAD
BETTER / WOULD RATHER
Conditionals are subordinate clauses (придаточные предложения) beginning with IF. We can distinguish 5 types of Conditionals.
1.They are used to express the facts which are always true, laws of nature (you can use When instead of IF)
1)If / when you throw a stick into water, it doesn’t sink.
2)If / when it rains, the asphalt gets wet.
3) If / when the temperature rises up to 100*C, water boils
As you see, the clauses consist of two parts: the if-clause (assumptionпредположение) and the main clause (result)
NOTE: If the if — clause comes before the main one, the two clauses are separated with a comma (запятая).
2.So called Real Conditions express real or probable situations in the present or future.
If I see him, I’ll tell him about the party.(I might see him) When he phones, I’ll give him your mobile number.(it is certain that he will phone)
If he doesn’t phone, I won’t be able to inform him about the party.
After “If” you can use any present tense according to the situation. In main clause — future, imperative (повелительное наклонение), modal verbs with present bare infinitive.
If you have done you homework in time, you can go for a walk.
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NOTE: If is used when something might happen, when is used to show that something will surely happen.
The following expressions can be used instead of ‘if’: as long as, so long as, on condition that, unless (if not), in case, providing, even if, etc.
As long as you promise to come back in time, I’ll let you have my car.
Unless you leave now, you’ll miss the train.
Providing / provided I have enough money I’ll lend you some.
3.Unreal Present.(if+ past simple or past continuous; the main clausewould / could / might + present bare infinitive.)
They are used to express the situations which are not real (we would like to have them, but they are imaginary)and unlikely to occur in the present or future. In Russian we use “åñëè áû”.
If I lived in Madrid, I would be a matador. (but I don’t live in Madrid and can’t be a matador)
NOTE: You can use were with all pronouns instead of was in if-clauses of this type.
4.Unreal past (if + past perfect / past perfect continuous; the main clause-would / could / might + Perfect bare infinitive). They are
used to express regret /criticism that smth. didn’t happen in the past and now it is an imaginary situation.
If I had known that you were in hospital, I would certainly have visited you. (but I didn’t know about it and didn’t visit you.)
5.Mixed Conditionals (unreal present and past) are used when ifclause refers to the present, and the main clause to the past and vice versa.
If I were you, (I am not you) I would have told him about the party. (didn’t tell him)
If I had written his mobile number, (I didn’t write.) I could phone him now. (I can’t phone.)
NOTE: We can omit If and use inversion:
Had I written his phone number…
Were he more polite…
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EXERCISE 15. Choose the right variant of the answer.
1.There are mice in the kitchen. If you ____ a cat, the nice _____
immediately.
1) had, will disappear |
3) have, would disappear |
3)had, would disappear 4) had had, would have disappear
2.If we ___ to bed late every night, we ____ always tired.
1)didn’t go, won’t be
2)didn’t go, wouldn’t be
3)don’t go, wouldn’t be
4)didn’t go, wouldn’t have been
3.If we ____ the film was on TV, we ____ it on our video.
1)knew, would record
2)had known, would have recorded
3)know, will record
4)knew, would have recorded
4.If you ___ it down, you ___ it now.
1)had written, would know
2)would have written, know
3)wrote, would have known
4)had written, would have known
5.If we ___ in the North, we ___ a lot of snow and ____ winter sports.
1)had lived, would have, would do
2)lived, would have had, would have done
3)live, would have, will do
4)lived, would have, would do
6.She left without a word. If only she ____ something.
1) had said 2) said |
3) can say |
4) was saying |
7.I ___ that dress if I ____ enough money that day
1)would buy, have
2)would have bought, had had
3)would buy, have had
4)would have bought, was having
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8.If we _____ where I wanted to go, it ____ a lot cheaper and we
____ some money in the bank now.
1)went, would be, have
2)have gone, will be, have
3)had gone, would have been, would have
4)had gone, would be, would have
9.“Why didn’t you tell me?” — “You____angry if I had”
1) |
would be |
3) |
had been |
2) |
will have been |
4) |
would have been |
10.If I ___ so late, I ___ the bus. Now the boss will be angry
1)didn’t wake, wouldn’t miss
2)hadn’t woken, wouldn’t miss
3)didn’t wake, wouldn’t have missed
4)hadn’t woken, wouldn’t have missed
11.Paul ____ so angry if you ____ him earlier about breaking his stereo. Why didn’t you?
1)wouldn’t, told
2)wouldn’t be, had told
3)wouldn’t have been, told him
4)wouldn’t have been, had told him
12.I ____ to the disco if I ____ my composition.
1)would go, finish
2)will go, have finished
3)would have gone, finished
4)will go, finished
13.The view was wonderful! If I ___ a camera, I ____ some photographs.
1) |
had, would take |
3) |
had, would have taken |
2) |
have, will take |
4) |
had had, would have taken |
14.I am sure if he ____ an actor, he ___ a very talented one
1)had been, would be
2)will be, will be
3)was, would have been
4)were, would be
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15.If you ___, you ___ understood. You are always chattering in my classes.
1)listened, would have
2)would have listened, would
3)had listened, would have
4)listened, would
16.____ I you, I ____ any advice. Computers are like Greek for you.
1) |
were, wouldn’t give |
3) |
had…been, wouldn’t give |
2) |
am, won’t give |
4) |
were, won’t give |
17. He _____ elected President if more people ____ for him.
1) |
would be, had voted |
3) |
will be, voted |
2) |
would have, voted |
4) |
would have been, had voted |
18.What noisy neighbours you’ve got! If mine ____ as bad as yours, I ____ crazy!
1)are, would go
2)had been, will have gone
3)were, will go
4)were, would go
19.The streets _____ safe if everyone ____ carefully.
1) |
might be, drove |
3) |
would be, drive |
2) |
will be, drove |
4) |
could be, had driven |
20.Thank you! If you ____ me, I ____ in real trouble now.
1)didn’t help, would have been
2)hadn’t helped, would be
3)didn’t help, would be
4)hadn’t helped, would have been
21.Thank you! If you ____ me, I ____ in real trouble when in Paris.
1)didn’t help, would have been
2)hadn’t helped, would be
3)didn’t help, would be
4)hadn’t helped, would have been
22.If I_____ the trick with my eyes, I ___ never ____ it possible.
1)hadn’t been seeing, won’t believe
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2)hadn’t seen, would have believed
3)didn’t see, would believe
4)wouldn’t have seen, will believe
23.I _____ to find her in that crowd even if I ____ she was there.
1)wasn’t able, knew
2)wouldn’t be able, had known
3)wouldn’t have been able, had known
4)wouldn’t have been able, knew
24.They ____ at home now if they ____ a taxi.
1) |
will be, took |
3) |
would be, had taken |
2) |
would have been, took |
4) |
were, would take |
25.I ____ him about it if I _____ him better.
1)will ask, knew
2)would ask, would know
3)would ask, knew
4)would have asked, know
WISHES / IF ONLY
We use wish / if only to show our wish to have something changed, better, be different in the and past.
1.Wish /if only + past simple or past continuous shows that we would like to have something different in the present.
I wish /if only we had children. (We have no children.)
2.Wish or / if only + past perfect expresses regret that something occurred or didn’t happen in the past.
I wish I had learned French not Spanish at school. (When at school I learned Spanish.)
If only he had told me about it. (He didn’t tell me.)
3.we use wish / if only with would in 2 cases:
1)for a polite request : I wish you would stop laughing. (Please, stop it.)
2)for a change in the situation or somebody’s behavior annoying and irritating us.
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I wish it would stop raining. (We want a change in the situation.) If only Jack would stop playing tricks on his colleagues.(We want a change in his behaviour.)
NOTE:
1.After the subjects I and we, you should use could instead of would.
I wish I could speak French. (Not I would speak.)
2.You can use were for all pronouns.
I wish she were / was more attentive
EXERCISE 16. Choose the right variant of the answer.
1. I Wish we ______ a TV set in our country house.
1) |
have |
3) had |
2) |
are having |
4) had had |
2.I wish people ______ in a cottage, not flats in high houses as they do.
l) |
lived |
3) |
live |
2) |
will live |
4) |
had lived |
3.Tom is going to Spain next week. I wish I ____ with him.
1) |
can go |
3) |
could go |
2) |
will be able |
4) |
could have gone |
4. I wish he ______ the music on when I’m trying to sleep.
1) |
didn’t put |
3) |
wasn’t putting |
2) |
doesn’t put |
4) |
wouldn’t put |
5. I wish the children ______ asking me for money.
1) |
didn’t keep |
3) |
would keep |
2) |
wouldn’t keep |
4) |
hadn’t keep |
6. I wish we _____ at this hotel, as it is very expensive
1) |
didn’t stay |
3) |
don’t stay |
2) |
hadn’t stayed |
4) |
must not |
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7. Our holiday was spoiled. I wish we ___ to Florida, not Alaska.
1) |
went |
3) |
would go |
2) |
had gone |
4) |
were going |
8.I wish my wife ____ me_with the children. She pays too little attention to them.
1) |
had helped |
3) |
helped |
2) |
was helping |
4) |
would help |
9. It has been raining for days now. I wish it ____ soon.
1) |
will stop |
3) |
would stop |
2) |
stopped |
4) |
had stopped |
10. Bob was very surprised to see us there. I wish you ____ his face.
1) |
have seen |
3) |
could see |
2) |
saw |
4) |
could have seen |
11. The teacher wishes the students _____ gum all the time in classes.
1) |
won’t chew |
3) |
wouldn’t chew |
2) |
don’t chew |
4) |
wouldn’t have chewed |
12. I wish I ____ him, but I‘ve left my mobile at home.
1) |
would contact |
3) |
contacted |
2) |
could contact |
4) |
will contact |
Chapter XII. HAD BETTER / WOULD RATHER
We use had better / would rather when we want to give advice or to say what is better to do in the situation, what the person should or ought to do.
You’d better go to Italy by train = You should / ought to go to Italy by train (had better is a bit stronger that should and ought to)
We use would rather as a synonym of would prefer to to express preference.
I’d rather not call her now. I think she is busy with the baby.
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