Трудности грамматики английского языка = The Complexities of English Grammar. Пособие для подготовки к централизованному тестированию и экзамену
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7.Stop +toinf (= stop to do something) He stopped to smoke a cigarette
Stop + -ing form (= give up, finish)
He stopped smoking as he was afraid of having trouble with his health.
8.Want + to — inf (= wish) She wants to sleep.
want + -ing form (= smth. needs to be done) My flat needs redecorating (to be redecorated)
9.Like + toinf (= think it’s good to do smth.) I like to visit my friends on Sunday.
Like + -ing form (= enjoy, general preference)
She likes meeting new people.
Would like + to-inf. (specific preference)
I would like to phone him now.
10. Hate + to — inf (=dislike what one must do)
I hate to interrupt you, but you are not right here.
hate + -ing form (feel sorry for what one is doing.) I hate causing you so much trouble.
11.Be afraid + to — infinitive (= be frightened to do smth.) She was afraid to swim in this place.
Be afraid + -ing form (be afraid that smth may happen). She was afraid of drowning here. (утонуть)
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TEST 6. |
Choose the right variant of the answer. |
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1. You can’t stop me ____ what I want. |
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1) doing; |
2) do; |
3) doing; 4) that I do. |
2. Do you want ___ with you or would you prefer ___ alone.
1) |
me |
coming, going |
3) |
that I come, that I go |
2) |
me |
to come, to go |
4) |
me coming, going |
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3. I’m sure I locked the door. I clearly remember ____ it.
1) |
locking |
3) |
to have locked |
2) |
to lock |
4) |
having been locked |
4.Jack finished his chemistry homework and went on ____ his English essay.
1) writing |
2) to write |
3) write |
4) to be writing |
5.He says he’d prefer ____ his own food rather than ____ in a Chinese restaurant.
1) |
to cook, to eat |
3) |
to cook, |
eat |
2) |
cook, eat |
4) |
cook, to |
eat |
6. James would rather ___to the meeting yesterday as he was not well.
1) |
not go |
3) |
hasn’t gone |
2) |
haven’t gone |
4) |
not have gone |
7. We are looking forward ____ the new Ice Palace.
1) |
to see |
3) |
to seeing |
2) |
seeing |
4) |
to being seen |
8. You ____ her what’s happened. She will get upset.
1) |
would better not tell |
3) |
had better not tell |
2) |
had better not to tell |
4) |
would better not to tell |
9. We’d rather go camping than ____ in a hotel.
1) stay |
2) to stay |
3) would stay |
4) staying |
10. He had difficulty ____quickly.
1) |
to |
run |
3) |
to |
be running |
2) |
in |
running |
4) |
to |
have been running |
11. I enjoy ____ ill animals, but I wouldn’t like ___ it all my life.
1) |
to treat, to do |
3) |
treating, |
doing |
2) |
treating, to do |
4) |
to treat, |
doing |
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12. It was such a funny sight that we couldn’t stop ___.
1) |
laughing |
3) |
laugh |
2) |
to laugh |
4) |
having laugh |
13. They like ___ their own house and garden better _____ a flat.
1) |
to have, to rent |
3) |
to have |
than flat renting |
2) |
having, than renting |
4) |
having, |
than rent |
13. Some people___ not have anything to do with mobiles at all.
1) |
would |
rather |
3) |
would better |
2) |
would |
prefer |
4) |
had be sooner |
14. They told ____ next Monday.
1) |
him coming back |
3) |
him to come back |
2) |
to him come back |
4) |
him could come back |
15. Every day Susan regrets____ French well when she was at school.
1) |
not to learn |
3) |
didn’t learn |
2) |
not learning |
4) |
not had learned |
16. You should make ____ that I cant ___ it just now.
1) |
he understands, doing |
3) |
him to understand, |
do |
2) |
him understand, do |
4) |
to understand him, |
doing |
17. The roof needs ____ to say nothing about the fence.
1) |
to mend it |
3) |
mending |
2) |
mended |
4) |
in mending it |
18. Nobody expected Scotland ___this football match.
1) |
win |
2) winning |
3) to win |
4) to be winning |
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19. He stopped ____ ____ the phone. |
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1) |
to write, to answer |
3) |
writing, |
answering |
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2) |
writing, to answer |
4) |
to write, answering |
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20. The teacher warned us ____ in the exam.
1) |
to not |
cheat |
3) |
that |
we |
don’t cheat |
2) |
not to |
cheat |
4) |
that |
we |
not cheat |
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Present Participle |
or |
Past Participle? |
(verb+ ing) |
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(verb + ed) |
Present Participles show and describe WHAT people, animals or things are.
Past Participles describe HOW somebody feels.
What kind of …...
a boring film — скучный фильм
a tiring day утомительный день
an interesting book — интересная книга
an exciting moment — волнующий момент
How did we feel?
we were bored — мы скучали
we are tired — мы устали
we were interested — нам было интересно
we were excited — мы волновались
EXERCISE 9. Use the correct participle (verb+ing or verb + ed)
Last Sunday I took my children to the Zoo. I had been to the Zoo many times before and was sure I would have 1 (boring /bored) time, but I found it 2 (amusing /amused), because there were some new animals. We were really 3 (impressing /impressed) by the animals’ behaviour. The monkeys’ jumps and grimaces were 4 (entertaining / entertained) and we were 5 (amusing / amused) by them. The children found the elephant’s cleverness 6 (fascinating / fascinated) and they were quite 7 (astonishing /astonished). The Lion’s roar was so 8 (terrifying /terrified) that the kids were 9 (frightening /frightened). When the Zoo warden let some children 10 (feed /feeding) the panda mine were 11 (disappointing / disappointed) as they were not chosen. Our visit to the Zoo was a bit 12 (tiring / tired) but we returned home 13 (exciting / excited).
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Chapter VI. COMPLEX OBJECT WITH THE INFINITIVE
AND PARTICIPLE (Cложное дополнение)
Verb + noun or pronoun + the infinitive or participle
Complex object is used after the following verbs:
1.sense perception: to feel, to hear, to see, to watch,. to observe, to notice, to smell, etc.
2.like,dislike, hate, detest, would like, wish, want, etc.
3.mental activity: know, understand, remember, forget, think, consider, suppose, expect.
4.order, to command, to ask, to allow, to let
I want you to come in time. Я хочу, чтобы ты пришел вовремя.
I saw Jane work in the garden (working in the garden). Я видел, как Джейн работала в саду.
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USAGE NOTE: After the following verbs the in- |
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finitive is used without TO(bare infinitive): |
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I — the verbs of sense perception |
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1) |
Hear |
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Tom heard his brother play the violin |
2) |
Feel |
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I felt somebody touch my hand |
3) |
See |
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I saw him leave the house. |
4) |
Watch |
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We watched the plane land |
5) |
Notice |
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Jane noticed something bright move in the dark. |
6) |
Observe |
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We observed them play tennis |
After these verbs (1—6) participle one can be used with a bit difference in the meaning: the infinitive means the whole action, while the participle means action in process
II — Заставлять
7) Make |
The teacher made me rewrite my composition. |
8) Have |
She had her son stop smoking in the room. |
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III.
9) Let |
Don’t let them come so late! |
NOTE: the verb To get — meaning заставлять is used with to infinitive
She gets her husband to redecorate the house.
When the first 7 verbs are used in the passive, the infinitive is used with TO (not bare)
I was made to rewrite my composition. Меня заставили переписать сочинение.
Tom was seen to cross the street. Видели, как Том переходил улицу.
COMPLEX SUBJECT WITH THE INFUNITIVE
A noun or pronoun + the infinitive in one of its 6 forms
1.He was heard to be told to leave the house. Слышали, как его попросили покинуть дом.
She is known to be writing a new comedy. Известно, что она пишет новую комедию.
He was supposed to be an experienced doctor Считали, что он опытный врач.
She is believed to have already finished her book. Полагают, что она уже закончила свою книгу.
The delegation was reported to be coming one f these days. Сообщили, что делегация приезжает на днях.
The delegation was reported to have already arrived. Сообщили, что делегация уже приехала.
The plane was announced to be delayed. Объявили, что самолет задерживается.
2.She is sure to have left the umbrella at home. Она наверняка оставила свой зонтик дома.
He is not likely to forget about it. Вряд ли он забудет об этом.
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She is likely to agree on these conditions. Вероятно, она согласится на эти условия.
3.She seemed to have misunderstood us. Казалось, она неправильно поняла нас.
He appears to have been working in the garden for a long time. Оказывается, что он работает в саду уже долго.
She proves to be invited to the wedding party too. Оказывается, ее тоже пригласили на свадьбу.
Chapter VII. NOUNS
(COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE)
Nouns can be countable (we can count them- 3 books, 4 days etc.) and uncountable (which we can’t count).
Uncountable nouns are:
1.subjects you study at school (literature, mathematics, physics, languages etc.)
2.sports: (football, cricket, cycling, running swimming, etc.)
3.what we eat and drink: (tea, butter, coffee, soup, etc.)
4.diseases: (tuberculosis, pneumonia, flu, etc.)
5.natural phenomena: (snow, sunshine, fog, shade, etc.)
6.collective nouns: (furniture, luggage, baggage, money, rubbish, etc.)
7.some nouns: (education, advice, news, music, traffic, peace, trouble, work, knowledge, etc.)
COMPOUND NOUNS
Compound nouns are the nouns which are formed of two or more parts. They form their plural by ending -s /es:
1.noun+ noun. A boyfriend — boyfriends (endings are added to the second noun)
2.-ing form / adjectives + noun — swimming pool — swimming pools
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3.to the first noun if there are two nouns connected with a preposition or to the noun if there is only one.
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mother — in — law |
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mothers — in law |
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runner — up |
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runners — up |
4. |
at the end of the compound if there is no any noun |
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forget - me - not |
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forget - me - nots (незабудки) |
Remember Irregular Plurals !! |
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1. |
man — men |
10. |
species — species (порода) |
2. |
woman — women |
11. child — children |
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3. |
foot — feet |
12. |
salmon — salmon (лосось) |
4. |
goose — geese |
13.Тmeans — means (средство, способ) |
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5. |
deer — deer (олень) 14. |
aircraft — aircraft (самолет) |
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6. |
tooth — teeth |
15. |
spacecraft — spacecraft (spaceship) |
7. |
sheep — sheep |
16. |
mouse — mice |
8. |
fish — fish |
17. |
trout — trout (рыба форель) |
9. |
louse — lice (âîøü — âøè) |
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Some nouns can be singular and plural (the meaning is different)
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Singular |
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Plural |
1. |
paper — бумага |
1. |
papers — газеты, статьи, документы. |
2. |
wood — древесина |
2. |
woods — ëåñ |
3. |
hair — волосы |
3. |
hairs — волоски |
4. |
custom — обычай |
4. |
customs — таможня |
5. |
experience — îïûò |
5. |
experiences — приключения, случаи |
6. |
glass — стекло |
6. |
glasses — очки, стаканы |
7. |
compass — компас |
7. |
compasses — циркуль |
8. |
work — работа, |
8. |
works — завод |
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место работы |
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Many uncountable nouns can be made countable with the help of other words. Milk — a bottle of milk, oil — a can of oil, vine — a glass of vine, chalk — a piece of chalk
Possessive Case (Притяжательный падеж)
There are only two cases of the noun — Possessive case and Common Case
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Possessive case has the following forms:
1.the girl’s doll, the boy’s balls, my brother’s books (singular nouns)
2.the girls’ dresses, the boys’ ball, my brothers’ books (plural nouns) — a girl — girls — girls’
3.nouns in irregular plural form possessive case like singular ones: children’s, women’s, men’s
NOTE: 1. Marx — Marx’ / ’s flat, Dickens —
Dickens’ or Dickens’s novels
But: Tess’s family ; for goodness’ sake (ради всего святого)
4.Compound nouns (group of words) form possessive case in such of way:
1)My parents — in — law’s flat (the last word has ‘s)
2)My younger brother’s bag or my younger brother Fred’s bag
3)The teacher invited Tom and Kate’s parents.(Tom and Kate have the same parents)
4)The teacher invited Tom’s and Kate’s parents. (Tom and Kate have different parents)
5)The words shop, office, flat or house are often omitted.
We say — go to the baker’s (пойти в булочную), to the hairdresser’s (парикмахерскую).
We had a party at my brother’s (в доме брата) or at Peter’s (у Питера в квартире)
6) someone, somebody, everybody, anybody also have possessive case.
I saw somebody’s dog in the yard. I think it ‘s Peter’s.
But: It’s not Peter’s, it’s somebody else’s, a friend of Susan’s, a flat of theirs, a car of mine.
USE NOTE:
1.The sun’s rays —
2.The ocean’s water — вода океана.
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3.Denmark’s population — население Дании.
4.A mile’s distance but 5 miles’ distance — дистанция в одну милю и дистанция в 5 миль.
5.A year’s report — годовой отчет.
6.A day’s trip but 3 days’ trip — однодневная поездка и пятидневная поездка.
7.Yesterday’s meeting (no article) — вчерашнее собрание, today’s lunch –.сегодняшний обед.
8.Family’s villa, government’s bill — вилла семьи, законопроект правительства.
Chapter VIII. DO YOU KNOW HOW TO USE
THE ARTICLES ?
To begin with, you should remember that articles have the idea of meaning. A, AN — means ONE, ANY, SOME.
THE — means THIS, THESE, THOSE.
REMEMBER!
A / AN is used with singular countable nouns to talk about one of many things. The is used with singular and plural nouns, countable and uncountable ones to talk about specific and known thing or person.
There is a cat in the tree (indefinite cat but definite tree).
LEARN BY HEART!
With uncountable nouns we use:
1.much, too much,
2.a little,
3.a great / good deal of,
4.a large /small amount of,
5.a large / small quantity of.
A little bread, a great deal of beer, too much money, a large amount of health
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