Трудности грамматики английского языка = The Complexities of English Grammar. Пособие для подготовки к централизованному тестированию и экзамену
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REMEMBER!
1. When the subject of would rather is also the subject of the following verb, the following constructions are used:
Would rather + bare present infinitive (referring to present and future)
I’d rather tell him about it.
Would rather + bare perfect infinitive (referring to past)
I’d rather have told him about it
2.When the subject of would rather is not the subject of the following verb, we use the following constructions:
Would rather + past simple (referring to present and future) I’d rather Sue didn’t spend so much money sweets.
Would rather + past perfect (referring to past)
I’d rather Sue hadn’t spent so much money on sweets yesterday.
GENERAL PREFERENCES in ENGLISH
1.Tom prefers skiing to skating.
2.Mum prefers coffee to tea.
3.My granny prefers to live in the country rather than live in the city. (After rather than bare infinitive is used.)
SPECIFIC PREFERENCES
1.I’d prefer to stay at home rather than go out.(after rather than don’t use ‘to’)
2.She would rather stay in the camping than spend this holiday at a hotel
EXERCISE 17. Choose the right variant of the answer.
1. “I’ve got a terrible headache.” “You’d better ____ a pain killer.”
1) have taken |
2) take |
3) to take |
4) taking |
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2.“Let’s do the shopping tonight” “_____ do it tonight. I’m very busy”.
1) |
I’d |
rather |
not |
3) |
I’d |
rather |
don’t |
2) |
I’d |
rather |
didn’t |
4) |
I’d |
rather |
won’t |
3. I’d rather Peter ____ at this hotel instead of camping.
1) not stay |
2) to stay |
3) stay |
4) stayed. |
4. “I think my car has been stolen” “You ____ the police”.
1) |
had rather phone |
3) |
had better phone |
2) |
should better to phone |
4) |
would rather to phone. |
5. I ____ stay here for a bit longer.
1) |
would |
rather |
3) |
would |
rather to |
2) |
would |
better |
4) |
would |
better to |
6. We’d rather you ___ tomorrow.
1) |
came |
3) |
to come |
2) |
have come |
4) |
would come |
7. You ‘d better ____ the music down before your mum gets angry.
1) to turn |
2) turn |
3) turned |
4) will turn |
8. “How about a drink?” “I’d ____ something to eat”.
1) |
better |
to hav |
3) |
rather have |
2) |
better |
having |
4) |
rather would have |
9. My boy friend would rather ____ each other any more.
1) |
we |
not to see |
3) |
we didn’t see |
2) |
we |
to see |
4) |
we see |
10.You ‘d better ____ Molly what’s happening; she’ll get too upset if you do.
1) not tell |
2) to tell 3) have told 4) will tell |
11.“I ought to go and see the Johnsons one of these days” “Well, you ____ do it soon. They are leaving for Italy”.
1) |
would rather to |
3) |
would better |
2) |
had rather |
4) |
had better |
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12. “Shall I come at nine?” “I’d rather you ___ at ten”.
1) |
to come |
3) |
have come |
2) |
came |
4) |
had come |
13.“Jack is going to work in China and Japan” “Really? He ____
learn some Chinese and Japanese”.
1) |
had better to |
3) |
had |
rather |
2) |
would rather to |
4) |
had |
better |
14.“The government wants to cut taxes” “I ____ they ____ something about the unemployed”.
1) |
had better, to do |
3) |
had rather, do |
2) |
would rather, did |
4) |
would rather to do |
15.“I saw burglars breaking into the house next door” “You ___ ring the police”.
1) |
would |
rather to |
3) had better to |
2) |
would |
better |
4) had better |
Chapter XIII. ADJECTIVES — DEGREES
OF COMPARISION
ADJECTIVES
1.Adjectives describe nouns (things and people). They have the same form in the singular and plural.
a long day — long days; a young man — young men
2.Adjectives are used before nouns but after verbs. an interesting book; the book seems interesting
REMEMBER: the linking verbs after which you use adjectives not adverbs:
be (happy) |
grow (old) |
keep (silent) |
appear (upset) |
go (red) |
stay (calm) |
seem (satisfied) |
smell (sour) |
remain (silent) |
become (suspicious) |
look (young) |
fall (silent) |
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get (dark) |
taste (sweet) |
come (true) |
turn (blue) |
sound (nice) |
prove (difficult) |
feel (tired) |
|
|
3.When there are two or more adjectives in a sentence, they go in the following order:
Opinion (nice, beautiful, handsome, bad, etc.)
Size (big, small, little tiny, etc.)
Age (old, new, young, etc.)
Shape (oval, round, square, etc.)
Colour (red, white, black, etc.)
Origin (Spanish, French, Scottish, etc.)
Material (wooden, china, plastic, etc)
+ NOUN before which can be used words showing for what the noun is used: (tennis shoes, winter coat, swimming suit, tea pot, etc)
If you take the first letters from the list, you get the word
O S A S H C O M (ОСАШКОМ). Remember it and you won’t have mistakes here.
An interesting antique china tea set (a set for having tea)
ADJECTIVES + INFINITIVE or — ING FORM
A lot of adjectives can be followed by infinitives if we are talking
about reactions and feelings. |
|
I am very glad to meet you. |
I see he is sorry to disturb us. |
Some adjectives are followed by preposition + -ing form.
REMEMBER! bad at, good at, bored with, fond of, tired of, guilty of, excited about, etc.
He is very good at fixing computers. I am fond of swimming.
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ADJECTIVES WITHOUT NOUNS
We can use adjectives without nouns but with the definite article
THE. In this case they are nouns in the plural referring to social groups:
the disabled – инвалиды; the homeless – бездомные; the sick – бoльные;
еhe rich – богатые;
the unemployed – безработные; the dead – умершие etc.
MIND!
The blind = blind people; the poor = poor people; the young = young people;
COMPERATIVES and SUPERLATIVES
|
Comparatives with |
-ER and MORE, |
We form |
|
LESS — smaller, |
|
more interesting, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
less interesting. |
|
Superlatives with |
-EST and the MOST, |
|
|
the LEAST — the smallest, |
|
|
the most — the least interesting. |
MIND the rules for spelling:
1.To make the comparative and superlative of one-syllable (îäèí ñëîã) adjectives ending in -e- we add — r(not er), -st (not est)
fine — finer — the finest; safe — safer — the safest;
2.To make the comparative and superlative of two-syllable words ending in-y, we change -y — to -i- and add -er, -est;
funny — funnier the funniest; happy — happier — the happiest;
3.To make the comparative and superlative of other two — syllable adjectives and longer ones we use “more” and “the most”.
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Honest — more honest — the most honest; interesting — more interesting — the most interesting;
4.In the adjectives like ‘wet’, ‘big’, ‘sad’, ‘fat’ we double the last letter.
wetter, bigger, fatter, sadder — the biggest, the saddest, the wettest, etc.
IRREGULAR COMPARISON
1.bad — worse — worst
2.good / well — better — best
3.far — farther / further — far
4.old — older /elder — oldest /eldest
5.much / many — more — most thest /furthest
6.little — less — least
NOTE: We use farther, the farthest and further, the furthest to talk about distance.
We use ‘further’ to mean ‘additional’ in some expressions.
Kate lives further / farther away from the school than I do.
Further information, further discussion, further education.
Older / oldest is used to talk about the age of people. Mr. Brown is older than our boss.
Elder / eldest is used only with sister, brother, daughter, son, grandson, granddaughter.
Susan is my elder sister (I have one sister older than me.)
Sheila is my eldest sister. (I have more than one sister.)
4.You may use comparative instead of superlative when you compare two things, two people.
There are two rooms in my flat. The smaller one is my bedroom.
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5.Before comparatives we can use much, very much, many, far, a little, a bit, a lot, lots, no, even, any.
I’ve much more time this month.
My sister has got many more dresses than I have.
In her new dress she looks even more beautiful than usual.
6.You can use double comparatives to show that the things or people are changing.
The nights are becoming longer and longer.
7.The…the with comparatives is used to show that something / somebody is changing together.
The more we learn, the more we know. The more we know the more we forget.
8.You can compare adjectives with the help of the following structures: as…as, not as / so….as, the same as
My dad is as old as yours.
The match they played today is not so exciting as yesterday’s.
9.You can use comparative or superlative forms with the following words: much, a lot, far, a bit, slightly, a great deal + comparative.
It’ much colder today than yesterday.
It’s slightly colder today than yesterday.
It’s a bit hotter today than yesterday.
He is by far the best player in the team.
NOTE:
1)He has much more money than I do. (money is uncountable) намного больше
She has many more English books than I do. (book is countable.) намного больше
2) |
|
As short |
как можно короче |
As simple as possible are translated as |
как можно проще |
As interesting |
как можно интереснее |
3)Russian â äâà ðàçà, â òðè ðàçà è ò.ä. has the following translation:
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Your house is twice as large as mine. She is twice as old. (there is no person)
4) Remember the translation of the following sentences:
У меня в два раза меньше платьев, чем у моей сестры.
I have half as many dresses, as my sister has.(countable noun) У меня в два раза меньше денег, чем у тебя.
I have half as much money, as you have. (uncountable noun) Она в два раза моложе меня. She is half my age.
10. Adjectives ending in -ed / -ing.
The performance was boring. We were bored with the performance.
Adjectives that end with -ing usually show us what the noun is doing, does, looks like.
Adjectives that end with -ed usually tell us the effect on the person or what the person feels.
NOTE: We can’t always form adjectives by ending -ing to the verb:
delight – delightful attract – attractive impress – impressive
EXERCISE 17. Use the word in the brackets in the necessary form.
1.Many of us were ____ because, the preparation for the party was so ______. (tire)
2.The witness’s evidence was so ____ that the judge was ____ of the man’s guilty. (convince)
3.Some people think that the circus is _____, others are more
____ by comedy shows. (amuse)
4.Most of us were very ____ becauset he report was long and ____. (bore)
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5.Personally, I’m not _____ in stamp-collecting, although it’s an _____ hobby. (interest)
6.Watching hot – air balloons floating is the sky is an ______ sight You’d be ______ at the number people, participating in this sport. (amaze)
7.The rubbish in our city streets is ______. A lot of residents are
____by it. (disgust)
8.The statistics on child abuse are quite_____. When I heard them I was _____. (shock)
9.My friend was______by Hitchcock’s film “Psycho”.No wonder, many of his films are ______. (terrify)
10.Some English words are ____ which makes students feel _____
while using them. (confuse)
Chapter XIV. ADVERBS
Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, other adverbs. They can be one word (usually),or a phrase (at the station), they can describe manner, (how), place (where), degree (to what extent), frequency (how often)
I seldom visit my granny. They will arrive in two days. He walks slowly.
So adverbs are used to describe actions (verbs), other adverbs, to describe adjectives and to relate to whole sentence.
Adverbs usually go after verb:
She speaks French quickly.
Such adverbs as always, seldom, usually, sometimes, never, (adverbs of frequency – how often?) go before verbs, but after the verb to be.
John always tells the truth. He is sometimes rude to me.
Adverbs go before adjectives, other adverbs and past participles:
We know that English is widely spoken all over the world. The furniture was surprisingly cheap.
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Formation of adverbs
1.They are usually formed by adding -LY- to the adjective: slowslowly, quick – quickly, soft – softly.
2.Adjectives ending in -LE- omit the -E and take -Y-: probable – probably;
3.Adjectives ending in -Y- after consonant drop -Y – and take – ily-: lucky-luckily, happy – happily, heavy – heavily.
4.Adjectives ending in -L- take -ly-. beautiful – beautifully; carefulcarefully.
5.Adjectives ending in -ic- take ally; tragic – tragically.
6.When adjectives end in -ll-, we add only -y -. Full – fully.
Exceptions |
|
Adjectives |
Adverb |
good |
well |
hard |
hard |
fast |
fast |
straight |
straight |
early |
early |
late |
late |
NOTE:
Some -ly- adverbs have a different meaning from the adjective.
bare (голый, пустой) |
barely (åäâà, ÷óòü íå, åëå-åëå) |
|
short – (suddenly) shortly (soon) |
||
scarce – (редкий) |
scarcely (едва, как только, лишь... …как) |
|
hard – (тяжелый) |
hardly (едва, как только) |
|
7.After linking verbs we may use an adjective or an adverb, with different meaning.
He looked angry. Он выглядит сердитым. (angry describes the subject)
He looked angrily. Он посмотрел сердито. (angrily describes the verb)
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