Иностранный язык (Английский). Практикум

PART II. SOCIAL WORK

After their marriage the young couple is free to decide where to live. Most newlyweds set up their own household immediately. Most married people practice some kind of birth control. They plan the number of children they are going to have and when their children will be born. Birth-control information and family planning are easily available.

Today, according to the US Census Bureau, 59 per cent of men and 47 per cent of women between 18 and 24 depend on their parents despite all traditional patterns of behavior, at least for housing. This is part of a major shift in the middle class. Analysts cite a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. The marriage age is rising. A high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressured and emotionally battered young people to parental shelters. For some, the expense of an away-from- home college education has become so exorbitant that many students now attend local schools. Even after graduating young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs.

The familiar structure in present-day America is so-called "nuclear family". It is unusual for members of the family other than the husband, wife, and children to live together. But the forgotten term "extended family" is coming back again with a different meaning. Now it means that there have appeared an increasing numbers of families that include half brothers and sisters, and stepmothers and stepfathers. There is growing number of people who have been married three or even four times.

The reasons for re-marriage are: the comparative ease of divorce and the greatly lessened social stigma that it now carries; a romantization of marriage that cannot live up to the long-term reality; a "flip of the dial" attitude that fosters moving on as soon as problems or ennui set in: the economic interdependence of women; a level of affluence that makes multiple families possible for some; an attitude among the so-called "me" generation that places fulfillment of personal needs ahead of compromise or sharing.

"Do you promise to love, honor, and cherish ... until death do you part?» Every year, large numbers of Americans of all social classes and racial and ethnic groups make such legally binding agreements. Yet an increasing number of these promises are apparently not realistic, given our nation's rising divorce rate.

Census figures show that 50 percent of American families now end in divorce. 85 percent of these divorced people remarry, usually within 5 years, with 60 percent of those marriages ending in divorce.

"I've changed my name so many times I don't know who I am any more," said Barbara Freedman, a Manhattan social worker, who has been married three times, having been widowed as well as divorced. She went on: "It's disruptive. It's hard to maintain a stable core of friends or pattern of life. So much of your structure is built around your marriage".

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Children of parents who marry several times are another concern. They suffer a loss of faith in relationships. Multiple marriages also aggravate sibling conflicts. Who is entitled to get college money if there isn't enough to go around? How do you equitably settle the claims of children from the different marriages when the parent dies? What if the children from a marriage are left out of the will. So, re-marriage may create unforeseen difficulties for both parents' and children' lives.

Vocabulary notes

1.rare – редкий

2.to precede – предшествовать

3.newlyweds – молодожены

4.exorbitant – непомерный, чрезмерный

Вопросы и задания

1.Read and translate the text.

2.Give the next equivalents Russian for and use them in your own sentences:

to live up to reality; skyrocketing housing costs; emotionally battered; economically pressed; to set up one's own household; close relationships; to arrange a date; comparative ease of divorce; a level of affluence

3.Make up questions to which the words in bold type are answers.

1.American marriages are usually based on romantic love, rather than on social class, education, money, or religion.

2.Dating in America looks generally vary casual to outsiders.

3.Most married people practice some kind of birth control.

4.The forgotten term “extended family” is coming back again with a different meaning.

5.Re-marriage may create unforeseen difficulties for both parents’ and children’s lives.

4. Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

1."I've changed my name so many times I don't know who I am any more," said Barbara Freedman, a Manhattan social worker.

2.She went on: "It's disruptive. It's hard to maintain a stable core of friends or pattern of life. So much of your structure is built around your marriage."

3.Barbara said: "That's because I buy everything. And it seems you don't realize that most of what we've got we buy on sale through ads."

4.She said: "In the future I'll just have to act on my own!"

5.Susan explained: "I didn't hear you come in. You're so quiet! Is any-

thing wrong?"

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PART II. SOCIAL WORK

5.Give a short summary of the text using the following expressions: a. The present text discusses some problems relating to ...

b. The text provides information on ...

с. Much will depend on the particular circumstances ...

d. It should be noted ...

e. It is important to know ...

f. I suppose ...

6.Answer the questions:

1.What is American marriage based on?

2.What is meant by "casual" and "steady" dating?

3.What is a "blind date"?

4.Tell the reasons of a high divorce rate and a declining remarriage age.

5.What is the difference between "nuclear" and "extended family"?

6.Why do children of parents who marry several times suffer a loss of faith in relationships?

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UNIT 23

CHANGING ROLES WITH FAMILY

Цель занятия: развитие лексических навыков; развитие и совершенствование навыков работы по тексту со словарем; развитие и совершенствование навыков чтения текста с целью детального понимания содержания.

В результате изучения темы студент должен:

–знать новую лексику по теме «Брак. Семья»;

–уметь работать с разными типами словарей; читать текст с целью детального понимания содержания;

–владеть навыками работы с разными типами словарей; навыками чтения текста с целью детального понимания содержания (ОК-2).

Актуальность темы: умение работать с разными типами словарей; читать текст с целью детального понимания содержания необходимы для развития навыков самообразования в профессиональной деятельности.

Теоретическая часть

▪ Changing Roles within the Family

When the twentieth century began all the different varieties of American families shared one characteristic: the wife did not work outside the home. The only exceptions were black wives. At that time, for a wife to work was a sign that a husband was not able to support a family or that he was crippled or otherwise incapacitated. By contrast, to that situation in the 1990s over 60 percent of women were in the work force. The transformation was relatively quick. It began in the years of the Great Depression, but the major impetus was provided by the Second World War. The pattern established then, though originally intended to be a temporary war measure, continued after the war was over.

Many women preferred working and many firms found the relatively low wages of women an inducement td continue to employ their labor. The immediate consequence was a great expansion of jobs open to women. Women became electricians, mechanists, and carpenters, as well as lawyers, engineers, and physicians in unheard of numbers.

Despite the widening opportunities for women, the great majority of working women have remained at the bottom of the economic pyramid. In the 1980s, for instance, the average pay for a woman worker was about 59 percent of the average male; the principal cause for the difference was usually a failure to pay equal wages for equal work and also the fact that the jobs which most women held were low-paying. The working woman is generally a typist, maid, teacher, nurse, or saleswoman.

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PART II. SOCIAL WORK

Simply because work for married women is now accepted and so commonplace, the internal character of American families has greatly changed.

For some two hundred years now, American women have been seeking to enhance their autonomy within the family. This has involved their gaining better education, a place as the moral guardian of the family, the opportunity to control childbirth, and to dissolve the marriage if it proved too limiting or unsatisfactory. They have also asserted their right to combine family and work outside the home.

Today, as a result of the widening of employment opportunities for women and also the consciousness-raising fostered by the women's movement, the pressure for women' equality within families has reached a new height. But still many women do not feel happy to be torn in two.

There is the so-called Supermom; the woman who tries to juggle a career with a family. Others have come to conclusion that the dual role can often cause them to be mediocre at both. So they have given up their career to stay home with children. Some view it as a temporary solution until their children start school. But even when at home women pursue various interests. They participate in all kinds of organizations, for example English-teaching committee for the foreign-born. In fund-raising activities for the colleges they graduated from, they jog in the morning with friends, compete in New York City Marathons, etc. all that gives them a feeling of achievement. One thirty- five-year old lawyer who quit her job to stay home with her three children, said she spent her spare time gardening and doing carpentry work. She said that one summer she took the children to Colorado, where she rebuilt an old garage that she and her husband use for hiking in summer and skiing in winter.

The mayor worry for most is that if they decide to go back to work they will have difficulty finding jobs. Many women say they continue to read in their fields so that they will not fall behind. Others say that they try to have lunch occasionally with former co-workers to keep up with what is going on. Otherwise, they say, you feel that you're "a bit out of touch".

But there are many women who work outside the home - even if they have children at home - of necessity. Many women say that they don't have the option of working inside the home or outside the home any more because economic needs require that they go out and find a job. Many married women work because their husbands are unemployed or disabled. Such women are the sole support of their families and themselves.

The wives of low-wage earners, who are taking jobs to supplement their husband's income, help keep the family budget solvent in the face of inflation. Women in middle-income families are taking jobs in response to the economic squeeze. Such women are taking jobs to maintain the standard

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of living to which they have been accustomed. But increasingly, a second income in the family is being sought to achieve traditional goals, such as a college education for their children or for a one-family home. Even braces on children's teeth or meeting continually raising utility and other rates make women work for the money.

On the other hand, women are making inroads into men's occupationstellers in banks, bus driving and bartending. This changes the general perception of male and female jobs.

Changes in the family pattern with women working have not been easily accepted by men, who sometimes show anger and resentment. On the one hand, a majority of men now believe that both sexes should enjoy equal employment opportunities, but on the other, most also believe that children may be harmed psychologically if their mothers work outside the home. This contradiction increasingly rules the life of Americans.

Very busy, spouses sometimes let each other know that they feel victimized by the requirements of the other partner. In order to make a go of this sort of life husband and wife have to cut out almost everything that does not relate to family .or career, There is a frequent feeling that husband and wife are "against tire ropes" in regard to available time. It is toe amenities of life in terms of friends, entertainment, and general leisure that get put aside in order to focus on the everyday essentials.

One Atlanta attorney says: "My wife has her own career as a lawyer and when I arrived home from a tough day, all I want to do is put my feet up and have a drink - the sort of thing a man has always expected. Instead I have to help with the household or attend to my children. I frequently must cut short my own working day in order to pick up our eighteen-month-old son from day care or to spend time with my older child. Often, I am also the one who is on call in case of illness, who prepares many of the meals, and who keeps the house clean. There is до question that the rewards of sharing career achievement and child rearing with one's spouse are great, but the price paid can be high. There lies much of the trouble. We are faced with having to become Supermen, in response full participation in work and in family.

We are now exploring uncharted territory, with all the mistakes and false starts that such exploration requires. I found that I had learned something further about what it means to be a man sometimes that goes beyond simply bringing home a paycheck".

Vocabulary notes

1.inducement – побуждение, стимул

2.disabled people – нетрудоспособные люди

3.necessity – нищета, неизбежность

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PART II. SOCIAL WORK

Вопросы и задания

1.Read and translate the text.

2.GivethenextRussianequivalentsandusetheminyourownsentences; commitments to a spouse; consciousness-raising; to keep up with what

is going on; to work out (of the house); to meet utility rates; to feel victimized; to focus on everyday essentials; to share career achievement and child rearing

3. Put all possible questions to the following statements.

1.It began in the years of the Great Depression.

2.The average pay for a woman worker was about 59 percent of the average male.

3.They have given up their career to stay home with children.

4.The second income in the family is being sought to achieve traditional goals, such as a college education for their children or for a one-family home.

5.Spouses sometimes let each other know that they feel victimized by the requirements of the other partner.

4.Comment on the formation and meaning of the tenses in the following sentences. Make these sentences negative and interrogative.

1.For some two hundred years now, American women have been seeking to enhance their autonomy within the family.

2.One thirty-five-year old lawyer who quit her job to stay home with her three children, said she spent her spare time gardening and doing carpentry work.

3.Such women are taking jobs to maintain the standard of living to which they have been accustomed.

4.This contradiction increasingly rules the life of Americans.

5.Divide the text into several logical units. Suggest a suitable title for each. In a single sentence express the main idea of each unit.

6.Answer the questions:

1.Why did women begin to work?

2.What professions do women prefer to have?

3.Why are many American women still at the bottom of social pyramid?

4.How has the internal character of American families changed?

5.What kind of woman would be called "supermom"?

6.How do most men take their family responsibilities at home? Are they happy about them?

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UNIT 24

WOMEN EMPLOYMENT

Цель занятия: развитие лексических навыков; повторение грамматического материала; развитие коммуникативных навыков с целью преодоления языковых барьеров в разговоре на английском языке.

В результате изучения темы студент должен:

–знать новую лексику по теме;

–уметь применить изученную лексику в процессе общения; работать в паре;

–владеть навыками диалогической речи; языковыми и предметными знаниями, необходимыми в межличностном и межкультурном общении на иностранном языке (ОК-2).

Актуальность темы: умение понять собеседника и поддержать разговор необходимо для эффективного межкультурного и межличностного общения в профессиональной деятельности.

Теоретическая часть

▪ Women employment

As has been mentioned above, within the traditional family pattern dominant in Britain through the whole 19th century and well into the 20th, women did not work and were not encouraged to go out to work. Indeed, there was even a kind of stigma attached to working women. There was very much the feeling that their proper place was in the home looking after their husband, their children.

That changed during the First World War because the men went off to war and the women had to work. But after the First World War women were pushed back in their homes. Similar thing happened with the Second World War. Many men went off to fight in the war and a great number of women were brought in to do the kinds of jobs they hadn't done before. The difference was after the war was over – it was more difficult to push them back into their home as there had been a lot of war damage, the economy was recovering and expanding. There were a lot of job opportunities, so it was much easier for women to stay in work.

Women now make up nearly 45 per cent of the workforce. However, in spite of the considerable change in social attitudes since 1945, and particularly since the feminist revolution, which began in the 1960s, women are still significantly disadvantaged. It is true that women have entered employment in increasing numbers. In 1989 70 per cent of women between the ages of twenty-five and forty-four were in paid work, a figure which rose to 75 per cent or more in the 1990s. A more recent figure: in 1994 70 per cent of all

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30-year old women with children worked. So, there are great numbers of working women in Britain at present.

The important disadvantage to be noted here is that the pattern of women employment is very different from men employment, and recently it has improved only slightly. The reasons for this sexual division of labour are complex, but largely to do with the fact that men continue to control the positions of power and of wealth and are slow to share these with women. In spite of having a female monarch, and having had a female Prime Minister for over a decade, discrimination begins at the top. During the whole of the 1980s Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher only ever had one other female Cabinet minister, and she lasted for less than a year.

If one looks at the senior positions of power in the country virtually none are held by women. At the beginning of 1990, of the ten judges who formed the highest court of appeal none was a woman, and in the Civil Service there was no female Permanent Secretary. In fact, out of 304 Permanent Secretaries between 1900 and 1990, only two have been women. By 1999, though, the situation had slightly changed: women accounted for 10 per cent of the judges and 15 per cent of senior civil servants. The following examples will help to prove the existence of what we call a vertical segregation – the confining of women to the lower grades of a particular industry —- which then become considered 'women's work'. If you look at something like teaching you will see that fewer than 7 per cent of full-time university professors are women, most of women being primary school teachers. While 25 per cent of qualifying doctors are women, only 2 per cent of them are surgeons. Women account for fewer than 5 per cent of company directors. That's true of any other occupation – even something like catering. Top hotel managers, top restaurant managers will still be men and it will be women at the bottom doing the washing-up, peeling potatoes and all the mundane chores.

Hardly any women have become trade union leaders. An internal report in 1988 commissioned by the largest union of all, the Transport and General Workers' Union stated that the image of union officials among its white-collar members is 'male, middle-aged, somewhat aggressive and sexist'.

It is difficult to think of many successful women in business or industry. Those whose names come to mind, Anita Roddick of the Body Shop and the late Laura Ashley, reached their position by creating their own businesses. They did not climb to the top of a career ladder in an already established company.Womenincareerstructuressensethata'glassceiling'existswhich prevents them reaching the top. As Ann Watts, equal opportunities director at the Midland Bank, remarked, «We can see the opportunities and goals but at the same time something we cannot pin down is holding us back».

Vocabulary notes

1. dominant – главный, основной

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2.encourage – ободрять, поддерживать

3.stigma – бесславие, позор

4.look after – заботиться

5.push back – оттеснять

6.employment – занятость

7.disadvantage – недостаток

8.last – длиться

9.vertical segregation – вертикальная сегрегация (отделение)

10.trade union – профсоюз

Вопросы и задания:

1.Read and translate the text.

2.Give the next equivalents Russian for and use them in your own sentences:

an internal report; white-collar members; to climb to the top of a career ladder; proper place; sexual division of labour; the position of power and of wealth; to create one's own business; names come to mind

3.Put all possible questions to the following statements.

1.That changed during the First World War because the men went off to war and the women had to work.

2.Women now make up nearly 45 per cent of the workforce.

3.The reasons for this sexual division of labour are complex, but largely to do with the fact that men continue to control the positions of power and of wealth and are slow to share these with women.

4.Anita Roddick of the Body Shop and the late Laura Ashley reached their position by creating their own businesses.

4.Comment on the formation and meaning of the tenses in the following sentences. Make these sentences negative and interrogative.

1.Their proper place was in the home looking after their husband, their children.

2.A great number of women were brought in to do the kinds of jobs they hadn't done before.

3.If one looks at the senior positions of power in the country virtually none are held by women.

4.We can see the opportunities and goals but at the same time something we cannot pin down is holding us back.

5.Give the summary of this text.

6.Answer the questions:

1.Where did women work at the beginning of the century?

2.What is the position of women in Britain?

3.What is meant by vertical and horizontal segregation in women employment in Britain?

4.What important disadvantage do working women have?

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