Иностранный язык (Английский). Практикум

PART II. SOCIAL WORK

5.Summarize the idea of the texts.

6.Answer the questions:

1.WhatorganizationtriedtorelievepovertyinEuropeinmedievaltimes?

2.Who made himself responsible for helping the poor and needy in country areas?

3.When did the English parliament pass the act which has become known as the Elizabethan Poor Law?

4.When did social and welfare services become widely available?

5.What survey provided much of the information needed by various social service organizations?

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UNIT 15

POVERTY

Цель занятия: развитие лексических навыков; повторение грамматического материала; развитие коммуникативных навыков с целью преодоления языковых барьеров в разговоре на английском языке.

В результате изучения темы студент должен:

–знать новую лексику по теме;

–уметь применить изученную лексику в процессе общения; работать в паре;

–владеть навыками диалогической речи; языковыми и предметными знаниями, необходимыми в межличностном и межкультурном общении на иностранном языке (ОК-2).

Актуальность темы: умение понять собеседника и поддержать разговор необходимо для эффективного межкультурного и межличностного общения в профессиональной деятельности.

Теоретическая часть

▪ Poverty

There is no objective and unique definition of poverty, which is capable to describe exactly when somebody is poor. There has been an evolution in the description of poverty. In these definitions, it is shown that poverty is not only lack of money to buy food, but is also related to living conditions, well-being, health, and possibilities to change the personal situation.

Poverty can be defined in different ways. Every definition leads to different outcomes, to a different group of people, which can be considered as poor and, in relation to this, to different policy measures and a different amount of costs needed to solve the problem of poverty.

Poverty exists for many centuries, but the content of the notion differs from country to country and from time to time. There is a difference in poverty in Western Europe and Eastern Europe. There is also a difference in the meaning of poverty in Western Europe in the last century and today. Last century poverty mostly meant that a part of the population had to struggle for life and did not have enough money to buy food: poverty was an absolute notion. Nowadays most of the Western European countries have comprehensive social security schemes, which cover the whole population. Almost everybody has a basic income and in some countries this income is rather high. In those countries therefore poverty cannot longer be seen as a threat of daily life. There, poverty means that a part of population has arrears in relation to the average population: poverty is a relative notion.

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PART II. SOCIAL WORK

Most discussions distinguish between absolute or primary poverty and relative or secondary poverty. «Absolute poverty» refers to a lack of the basic requirements to sustain physical life. «Relative poverty» is used to demonstrate the inadequacy of definitions of absolute or primary poverty by referring to the cultural needs of individuals and families within the context of the rest of society. An absolute poverty line is a kind of fixed amount. An absolute poverty line is not meant to change with the standard of living in society. People are defined as «poor» if their income is below the line and when some absolute needs are not sufficiently satisfied.

Vocabulary notes

1.unique – уникальный, индивидуальный

2.poverty – бедность, нищета

3.lack of – недостаток, нехватка чего-либо

4.living conditions – условия жизни

5.to lead (to) – приводить к (чему-л., обычно плохому), ввергать во

(что-л.)

6.to solve – решать (задачу, проблему)

7.content – содержание

8.to differ from – отличаться (от чего-либо), не соглашаться (с чем-

либо)

9.to struggle – бороться

10.threat – опасность, угроза

11.arrears – долги

12.average – средний

13.to distinguish – различать

14.to sustain – поддерживать, обеспечивать

Вопросы и задания

1.Read and translate the text.

2.Give the Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases:

приводить к разным результатам; политические меры; содержание

понятия; угроза повседневной жизни; основные потребности; поддерживать физическую жизнь.

3. Finish the sentences using the words in bold.

poverty; relative poverty an absolute poverty line; primary poverty; poor.

1.… does not change with the standard of living in society.

2.People are … if some of their absolute needs are not sufficiently sat-

isfied.

3.… demonstrates the cultural needs of individuals and families within the context of the rest of society.

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4.… exists for many centuries and can be defined in different ways.

5.… refers to a lack of the basic requirements to sustain physical life.

4. Match the words with their definition.

5.Summarize the idea of the text.

6.Answer the questions:

1.Is there objective and unique definition of poverty?

2.What is poverty?

3.Does the content of the notion «poverty» differ from country to country and from time to time?

4.What did the poverty mean last century?

5.What kinds of poverty do most discussions distinguish between?

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PART II. SOCIAL WORK

UNIT 16

SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN THE USA

Цель занятия: развитие лексических навыков; развитие и совершенствование коммуникативных навыков.

В результате изучения темы студент должен:

–знать терминологию по теме занятия;

–уметь применять на практике лексику, необходимую для общения с англоязычным партнером; работать в паре;

–владеть навыками диалогической речи, необходимыми в межличностном и межкультурном общении на иностранном языке (ОК-2).

Актуальность темы: знание профессиональной терминологии необходимо для эффективного межкультурного и межличностного общения в профессиональной деятельности.

Теоретическая часть

▪ Social Problems in the USA

The diversity of patterns of American family life is really remarkable. Various things account for this: ethnic background, immigration date of their forebears, social background, religion, and other factors. The ancestors of present-day Americans came from more than 17 different European countries, Canada, Mexico, from other Latin Americans nations, as well as from Africa, Chine, Japan, the Philippines and many other eastern countries. There are over 22 million blacks (Afro-Americans) living in the US. In addition there are more than 700,000 Native Americans (American Indians). It is now estimated that by ethnic background. This great diversity makes family customs so varied.

People's living standards vary greatly - from the affluence of the rich in the upper income bracket and the moderate but satisfying living standards of the so-called "middle class" to the very low incomes of those who are on official subsistence using welfare because they are either unemployed or lack the necessary means for day-to-day living.

Welfare and poverty problems have been a central issue for many years. Many are inclined to treat welfare recipients as "undeserving poor" who are alleged to have low intelligence or low ambition. President John F. Kennedy was the first to generate programs directed toward services and work-orient- ed counseling for the welfare poor. The subculture of poverty is sometimes seen as pathological and contradictory to the values cherished by the middle class which emphasize hard work, motivation to succeed, thrift and stable

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family life. Some play up the image of "underselling" masses of welfare recipients. But in fact, their economic plight can be combated only through dealing with flaws in the surrounding social and economic system, such as racial discrimination or high rates of unemployment, As a matter of fact, the poor, both blacks and whites never have had freedom of choice. Their education for the most part has been inadequate and the market has been unable to absorb all the working hands. The solution to the problem of poverty lies in the change of the culture and values of the poor by means of expanding social work, education, and training programs.

Though some people claim that welfare recipients do not try to work, many surveys have found that for most welfare recipients work patterns are seasonal or irregular; for many work and welfare are alternative means of economic existence; for some welfare supplements low wages; there are also such reasons as poor health, the lack of child care, the inability to find work. Attitudes of typical welfare recipients in fact are not anti-work or oriented toward laziness and delight with welfare living.) Seven in ten would rather work for pay than stay at home on welfare. Many mothers have no good place to leave their children all day. It is obvious that the poor, young and old, black and white - are very work-oriented and usually have as high aspirations as the nonpoor.

Studies have also found a negative attitude toward being on welfare among many recipients. Most people think that getting money from welfare makes a person feel ashamed. This feeling may account for the fact that a large proportion of those who have not found decent-paying jobs have not gone on welfare even though they qualify. Suggestions that the majority of welfare recipients live as well as the average American worker seem ludicrous. Many recipients are unable to afford medical or dental care; many put off paying the rent in order to buy enough food. The short of it is: Welfare is the "good life only for those who have not lived it".

Vocabulary notes

1.forebear – предок, предшественник

2.great diversity – великое разнообразие

3.recipient – получатель, принимающий

4.welfare – благополучие, благосостояние

5.to feel ashamed of – стыдиться чего-либо

6.remarkable – замечательный, выдающийся

7.to account for – отчитываться, насчитывать

8.ancestors – предки

9.diversity – разнообразие

10.to vary – менять, изменяться

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PART II. SOCIAL WORK

11.subsistence – существование

12.to incline – побуждать, склонять

13.to allege – утверждать

14.to cherish – воодушевлять

15.to absorb – поглощать, присоединять

16.decent-paying – хорошо оплачиваемый

Вопросы и задания

1.Read and translate the text.

2.Give the next equivalents in Russian and use them in your own sentences:

Ethnic background; the ancestors of present-day Americans, welfare and poverty problems; to emphasize hard work; to absorb all working hands; the lack of child care; to put off paying the rent

3.Put all possible questions to the following statements.

1.The ancestors of present-day Americans came from more than 17 different European countries, and many other eastern countries.

2.President John F. Kennedy was the first to generate programs directed toward services and work-oriented counseling for the welfare poor.

3.Many mothers have no good place to leave their children all day.

4.Most people think that getting money from welfare makes a person feel ashamed.

4.Write the following sentences twice. a) in the Present Perfect tense;

b) in the Past Indefinite using necessary words

1.This great diversity makes family customs so varied.

2.Some people claim that welfare recipients do not try to work.

3.The solution to the problem of poverty lies in the change of the culture.

4.Many recipients are unable to afford medical or dental care

5.Give the summary of this text.

6.Answer the questions:

1.Why are the patterns of American families so diverse?

2.Where on the social scale are welfare recipients found?

3.How can the economic plight of social disadvantaged people be corrected?

4.Why are some people reluctant to receive welfare even if they are entitled to it?

5.Why are so many women with children being on welfare?

6.Do those on welfare want to work or not?

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UNIT 17

SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN RUSSIA

Цель занятия: развитие лексических навыков; развитие и совершенствование коммуникативных навыков.

В результате изучения темы студент должен:

–знать терминологию по теме занятия;

–уметь применять на практике лексику, необходимую для общения с англоязычным партнером; работать в паре;

–владеть навыками диалогической речи, необходимыми в межличностном и межкультурном общении на иностранном языке (ОК-2).

Актуальность темы: знание профессиональной терминологии необходимо для эффективного межкультурного и межличностного общения в профессиональной деятельности.

Теоретическая часть

Growing economic difficulties and lack of job opportunities and professional development entice many young people to emigrate, particularly to Europe and to the United States. It is estimated that between 2000 and 2010 more than 1,25 million Russians emigrated, an even greater number than those who left after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

During the past two decades, an aging demographic turn and its effect on Russian society has been the focus of debate. Russia is experiencing a rapidly aging population with steadily declining birth rates. However, while people living in most industrialized countries have increased life expectancy Russian inhabitants have a relatively low health status.

Thesefactors,inadditiontorestrictiveimmigrationpoliciesandlowfertility rates (below two children per woman, which is considered the population replacement rate), have led Russiato a constant process of depopulation. Between 1993 and 2015 Russian population decreased from approximately 149 to 144 million people. If current trends continue, there will be between 100-107 million Russians in 2050.

Serious health problems among Russians derive from high rates of smoking and alcohol consumption. Mortality among Russian men rose by 60 percent since 1991, four or five times higher than the European average, mostly from preventable causes (alcohol poisoning, smoking, cardiovascular diseases, traffic accidents, violent crimes).

According to the World Health Organization, heart disease, aggravated by alcohol and tobacco, is responsible for over 1.2 million deaths each year.

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PART II. SOCIAL WORK

Estimates of annual fatalities derived from smoking-related diseases range from 350,000 to 400,000. In the U.S., with more than twice the population of Russia, cigarette smoking causes more than 480,000 deaths annually.

In addition, a still inadequate health care system, lacking in resources and with attention focused in the country’s main cities, affects mental health care. In 2012, there were 277 outpatients clinics devoted to the primary care of people with mental disorders compared to 318 such clinics in 2005. At the same time, there is a reduction in the number and quality of medications for patients with psychiatric illnesses.

Trying to cope with such problems diverts resources from an economy under strain because of international sanctions and the low price of oil. The energy sector is a motor for the country’s economic growth, and there is a close correlation between oil prices and the country’s GDP. More than twothirds of export earnings come from energy. However, the current global oversupply of oil and lower demand because of the economic crisis doesn’t augur well for the country’s economy.

The economic outlook is negatively affected by widespread corruption. Independent experts name law enforcement agencies as the most corrupt institutions, followed by health care, education, housing and communal services. While some experts maintain that corruption consumes as much as 25 percent of Russia GDP, the World Bank puts this figure at 48 percent. Transparency International ranks Russia 136th in its Corruption Perception Index.

The economic downturn affects all sectors, from big corporations to small and medium enterprises, many of which have gone bankrupt. A considerable number of small businesses that do well in prosperous times such as boutiques, small restaurants and several kinds of service stores have closed down.

Some recent cuts in health care and education will not solve the problems affecting the Russian economy, and are at most palliative measures that will not cure a sick economy.

Although the problems highlighted are not the only ones affecting Russia, they need to be addressed more effectively if the country aims to develop at the rate its considerable resources allow.

Vocabulary notes

1.homeless – бездомный

2.recognition – распознавание, узнавание

3.to ban – запрещать

4.vagrant – бродяга

5.to expel – исключать, высылать (из страны)

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6.to migrate – мигрировать, переселяться

7.refugee – беженец, эмигрант

8.sanitation – оздоровление, санитарная профилактика

9.to harass – беспокоить, волновать

10.restriction – ограничение

11.to ease – облегчать, уменьшать

12.to distrust – сомневаться, подозревать

13.charities – благотворительные организации

Вопросы и задания

1.Read and translate the text.

2.GivethenextRussianequivalentsandusetheminyourownsentences:

Urban homeless, Soviet law banned beggars, expelled from the cities,

sanitation or temporary residence centers, granted housing and employment, to change their status, internal and external migrants, government support, to obtain a designated space.

3. Finish the sentences, using words and expressions from the text.

1.Because Soviet law banned …, the homeless were imprisoned or expelled from the cities.

2.The … of Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov followed the Soviet pattern of forcibly removing vagrants from the city.

3.Police routinely … vagrants found on the streets.

4.Local authorities, including those in Russia's largest European cities, continue to require ….

5.The Federal Migration Service, created in 1992, has not been able

…its legal responsibility to locate housing and employment for internal and external migrants.

6.Private charities in Russia have suffered from … and a general lack of social acceptance.

4. Translate the following text into English in the written form:

Orphan Care in Russia

Current public opinion about the residential care system in contemporary Russia is extremely negative. A majority of Russians, both citizens and professionals, consider that family placement is the best arrangement for orphaned children. The year 2007 was announced as the Year of the Child in Russia. The majority of officials interpreted it as the year of de-institution- alization of the residential care system for children in Russia. De-institution- alization is mostly identified as reform focused on family placement instead of placement in institutions. Vladimir Fridlyanov, the executive director of the Ministry of Science and Education, announced in May, 2007 that the gov-

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