Иностранный язык (Английский). Практикум
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PART II. SOCIAL WORK
example is a child who is a primary caregiver for younger siblings as well as meal preparer, housekeeper, and major emotional supporter for a single, working parent.
Stolen children are youths who have been abducted from the legal custodial parent by the other parent, usually after a divorce and loss of customer.
Latchkey child is a youngster who comes home from school to spend part of the day unsupervised because the parents are still at work. All above mentioned groups of children can be considered as clients of social workers.
Vocabulary notes
1.abandonment – оставление ребенка
2.adultified children – дети, несущие обязанности, характерные для взрослых людей
3.exceptional children – «исключительные» дети, т.е. с отклонениями от нормы в ту или иную сторону
4.gifted child – одаренный ребенок
5.home alone children – безнадзорные дети
6.latchkey children – дети, проводящие часть дня без присмотра взрослых
7.runaway children – дети-беглецы
8.stolen children – украденные дети
9.thrown away children – беспризорные дети
10.unwanted child – нежеланный ребенок
11.care – забота, попечение
12.nursing care – уход за детьми
13.divorce – развод
14.hospital – 1. больница; 2. госпиталь; 3. приют
15.foundling hospital – приют для подкидышей
16.limitation – ограничения
17.orphanage – детский дом
18.parent – родитель
19.legal custodial parent – родитель, с которым после расторжения брака остаются несовершеннолетние дети
20.supervision – надзор
21.youngster – несовершеннолетний
Вопросы и задания
1.Read and translate the text.
2.Give the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
Наблюдение со стороны специалистов; официальный опекун; ижди-
венцы; необычные формы обучения; специальные образовательные уч-
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реждения; социальный опыт; лечение; высокий интеллект; психическое заболевание; психопатология.
3. Finish the sentences using the following words and expressions. adultified child; control; clients; facilities; divorce.
1.Children run away because they want to remain independent of their parents’ ….
2.Special educational training … are designed to help «exceptional children» reach their potential.
3.… assumes roles and responsibilities normally reserved for older people.
4.Children are often stolen after a ….
5.Different groups of children become … of social workers.
4.Match the words with their definitions.
1.A runaway child is …. a) … youngsters who are under the legal age of
responsibility or emancipation, in most states this age is 18 years.
2. A latchkey child is …. b) … require extraordinary forms of education, social experience, or treatment.
3. An adultified child …. c) … youths who have been abducted from the legal custodial parent.
4. Stolen children are …. d) … a youngster who comes home from school to spend part of the day unsupervised.
5. «Exceptional children» …. e) … a minor who has departed the parents home contrary to the parents wishes.
6. Children are …. f) … assumes roles and responsibilities normally reserved for older people.
5. Translate the following text into Russian in the written form.
Child abuse
There are four types of child abuse. They are defined as:
–Physical: An injury or pattern of injuries that happen to a child that are not accidental. These injuries may include beatings, burns, bruises, bites, welts, strangulation, broken bones or death.
–Neglect: Neglect occurs when adults responsible for the well being of a child fail to provide for the child. Neglect may include not giving food, clothing, shelter, failure to keep children clean, lack of supervision and withholding medical care.
–Emotional: Any chronic and persistent act by an adult that endangers the mental health or emotional development of a child including rejection, ignoring, terrorizing, corrupting, constant criticism, menace remarks, insults, and giving little or no love, guidance and support.
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– Sexual: Sexual abuse is the sexual assault or sexual exploitation of children. Sexual abuse may consist of numerous acts over a long period of time or a single incident. Children can be victimized from infancy through adolescence. The perpetrator keeps the child from disclosing through intimidation, threats and rewards.
In the United States between 1:3 and 1:4 females are sexually abused as children. At least 1:7 to 1:10 males have been sexually assaulted before they reach the age of 18.
In 80 % of the sexual abuse cases the child knows the offender and in 50 % of all cases, the offender is a member of the child's household.
Abuse crosses all socio-economic backgrounds.
In cases reported in Massachusetts and California the greatest number of cases are those of neglect, followed by cases of physical abuse, with sexual abuse cases ranking third and finally emotional abuse. Two million cases of child abuse are reported each year and of these reported cases, two thousand of the children die.
Child abuse has serious consequences, which may remain as indelible pain throughout the victim's lifetime. The violence and negligence of parents and caretakers serve as a model for children as they grow up. The child victims of today, without protection and treatment, may become the child abusers of tomorrow.
As with any social issue, child abuse is a problem for the entire community. Achieving the goals of protective services requires the coordination of many resources. Each professional group and agency involved with a family assumes responsibility for specific elements of the Child Protective Service (CPS) process. The Department of Human Services works closely with physicians, nurses, educators, mental health practitioners, law enforcement agencies, and the judiciary. These parties are involved in the identification, reporting, investigation, and treatment of cases of child maltreatment.
Protective services are provided by the Department of Human Services to abused and neglected children and their families without regard to income. Special rehabilitative services for prevention and treatment of child abuse are provided by D.H.S. and other community resources to children and families such as: homemaker services, parenting classes, respite day care, foster care, financial assistance, psychological and psychiatric services, and sexual abuse treatment.
6.Give the summary of the texts.
7.Answer the questions:
1.Do social workers deal with children having different problems?
2.What groups of children which need care and supervision of special-
ists do you know?
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3.What program does the federal government maintain to help runaway youngsters and reunite them with their parents?
4.What children does the term «exceptional children» include?
5.Why does a latchkey child spend part of the day unsupervised?
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PART II. SOCIAL WORK
UNIT 21
BRITISH FAMILY
Цель занятия: развитие лексических навыков; развитие и совершенствование навыков работы по тексту со словарем; развитие и совершенствование навыков чтения текста с целью детального понимания содержания.
В результате изучения темы студент должен:
–знать новую лексику по теме «Брак. Семья»;
–уметь работать с разными типами словарей; читать текст с целью детального понимания содержания;
–владеть навыками работы с разными типами словарей; навыками чтения текста с целью детального понимания содержания (ОК-2).
Актуальность темы: умение работать с разными типами словарей; читать текст с целью детального понимания содержания необходимы для развития навыков самообразования в профессиональной деятельности.
Теоретическая часть
▪ British family
Dramatic changes have taken place in other areas of British social life as well. Take, for example, the classic family. «There is no such thing, as society», Mrs Thatcher once said. «Only individual men and women, and families». Many people disagree with her, but there remains a strong feeling that the immediate or 'nuclear' family is the basic unit of society, and that traditional family values remain the mainstay of national life.
At the outbreak of the war the nuclear family usually contained a married couple, with two children, ideally a girl and a boy, and perhaps their grandmother, or 'granny', in the background. This picture also included the traditional idea of the man going out to work while the wife stayed at home. Social and economic developments in the second half of the century resulted in dramatic changes in the British household structure. There has been a long-term decline in the proportion of families consisting of three or more people and the proportion of traditional families consisting of a couple with dependent children. Reasons are anything but obvious. Firstly, women now choose to marry later in life: in 1979 only one in seven women aged between 25 and 29 was still single, compared with one in three (some marrying in mid 30s) in the 1990s. Many women are postponing having children, and there has been an increase in the average age of women giving birth, from 27 years in England and Wales in 1981 to 29 year 1997. Secondly, ever more women (now about 20 per cent) choose not to have children at all. Together
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with effective methods of family planning and later marriages these factors have led to a decline in family size. Today only 42 per cent of the population lives in nuclear family households, and even within this group a considerable proportion of parents is in their second marriage with children from a previous marriage. It should be pointed out, though, that quite a number of extended families are still to be found, particularly amongst non-white immigrants. In fact, it is expected that by the year 2000 only half the children born in Britain will grow up in a conventional family with parents already married when they were born and remaining married after they have grown up.
With social attitudes and behaviour changing now there is an enormous variety of patterns of living in the UK: For instance, the growing tendency not to marry: the number of people living alone has risen significantly, from one in ten in 1951 to one in three by the end of the century. Many women (and the number of these is growing) live alone preferring independence, which they fear they will lose by marriage. Incidentally, the preference of pursuit of career rather than marriage was quite characteristic of the 1980s. Thus, the British are clearly becoming a more solitary nation in their living habits and this will have social implications, for example, need for more housing in the future.
There is also an increasing proportion of men and women living together before marriage. For example, in 1961 only 1% of first-time married couples had previously been living together, compared with 25% in 1997. By the year 2000 it is estimated that most couples will live together before marrying. Others living together, or 'cohabiting', never do get married. Cohabitation has become much more widespread; people in their late 20s and 30s are most likely to cohabit. In 1979 only 3% of all women aged 18 – 49 were cohabiting, but ten years later the level had risen to over 15%.
This does not mean to say that there are fewer marriages in Britain. Marriages are as popular as ever, with 400,000 weddings yearly. (It should be pointed out that in 1996 there were 317,500 marriages in the UK, the lowest number since 1917.) First marriages for both partners have declined by half compared with the peak reached in 1970 and today 40% are second-time marriages for at least one partner. Thus, this figure means a high divorce rate, and this has risen to be the highest in the European Union. In 1961 the yearly divorce rate was 2 per thousand, but by 1988 this had risen to 13 per thousand, almost twice the European average of 7 per thousand. In fact, more than one in three first marriages end in divorce, with one quarter of first marriages failing in the first five years. Reasons for climbing divorce rate are partly those of personal development of women who frequently want the right to pursue a career. Alongside a social acceptance of divorce greater today than in the 1950s and 1960s, women have been increasingly dissat-
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isfied by the traditional expectations of the woman's role in marriage. Sometimes the husband's difficulty in adapting to the new situation puts a strain on the marriage. Nearly three-quarters of divorce in 1996 were granted to wives. The most common basis for wives being granted a divorce was the unreasonable behaviour of their husbands, while for men the most common reason was the adultery of their wives. (Research shows that the divorce rate is highest among those on a low income and those who marry very young, say under the age of 24).
One inevitable consequence of the climbing divorce rate has been the rise of single-parent (or lone-parent) families, whose numbers have been increasing, doubling from 8 per cent of all families in 1972 to 16 per cent by 1988. The great majority of single parents are women. Children, of course, are the main victims. One in three children under the age of five has divorced parents. 40 per cent of children experience the divorce of their parents before the age of eighteen.
There has also been an increase in babies born outside marriage. It is a sign of changing social attitudes: these babies, once described as 'illegitimate' (a permanent punishment for the innocent baby), are now described officially as 'non-marital'. In 1961 only 6 per cent of all births were outside marriage, but the rate rose steeply to almost 37 per cent in 1997. However, 80 per cent of births outside marriage in 1997 were jointly registered by both parents, and in the majority of these cases the parents, shared an address. Unfortunately, cohabitation is no indication of a long-term stable environment for children. Statistics show that cohabiting parents are three times more likely to split up than married parents.
The remaining 20 per cent of non-marital births are to single mothers, with the rate being highest in areas of high unemployment and the greatest poverty, suggesting to some analysts that the birth of a child gives a woman in such circumstances someone to love, a purpose in life and also state assistance. There is also an ethnic dimension. On account of the traditional weakness of family life resulting from centuries of slavery, 45 per cent of West Indian families are single-parent families.
What can be done of such evidence? Some critics consider such statistics to be evidence of moral decline and argue the need to return to traditional values. It sounds more like a wishful thinking but some official surveys found that in the 90s «the pendulum was swinging against the more liberal attitudes of the 1960s and the 1970s» showing a more censorious attitude towards sex outside marriage (but not towards sex before marriage), towards homosexuality and pornography.
Is Britain really in moral decline? It would be safer to say that moral values are changing with less attention on traditional definitions of immorality,
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and greater emphasis on personal morality being rooted in kindness and respect for others. Many, however, would disagree with this verdict, pointing to the high divorce and non-marital birth rates as evidence of fundamental failure to be kind or to respect others. One retired schoolteacher and Devon magistrate has this to say, «You cannot give young people moral tuition in this [sex] area any more. They regard it as an intolerable intrusion into their privacy.» Yet, he continues, «I must admit that I also find older children more mature, more responsible, more considerate to each other.» It is too easy simply to blame a moral decline on the failure to uphold family values. There are other things which must be considered to understand what is going on in society and why.
Vocabulary notes
1.immediate – прямой, немедленный
2.family values – семейные ценности
3.outbreak – начало, восстание
4.household structure – структура ведения домашнего хозяйства
5.postpone – откладывать, отсрочить
6.considerable – значительный
7.extended – расширенный
8.conventional – обычный, традиционный
9.fear – бояться, предчувствовать
10.solitary – одинокий, отдельный
11.cohabitation – сожительство
12.adapt – применять, приспосабливать
Вопросы и задания
1.Read and translate the text.
2.GivethenextRussianequivalentsandusetheminyourownsentences: to disagree with smb; mainstay of national life; long-term decline; variety
of patterns; to pursue a career; a social acceptance of divorce; a permanent punishment; a victim
3. Put all possible questions to the following statements.
1.At the outbreak of the war the nuclear family usually contained a married couple, with two children, ideally a girl and a boy, and perhaps their grandmother.
2.There has been an increase in the average age of women giving birth, from 27 years in England and Wales in 1981 to 29 year 1997.
3.The great majority of single parents are women. Children, of course, are the main victims.
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4. Statistics show that cohabiting parents are three times more likely to split up than married parents.
4.Comment on the formation and meaning of the tenses in the following sentences. Make these sentences negative and interrogative.
1.Dramatic changes have taken place in other areas of British social life as well.
2.Many women (and the number of these is growing) live alone preferring independence.
3.80 per cent of births outside marriage in 1997 were jointly registered by both parents, and in the majority of these cases the parents, shared an address.
5.Give a short summary of the text using the following expressions:
1.the present text discusses some problems relating to ...
2.the text provides information on ...
3.it should be noted ...
4.it is important to know ...
5.in fact ...
6.Answer the questions:
1.Why has marriage age changed?
2.What are the patterns of family in modern Britain?
3.What reasons are for devoice?
4.Why has been an increase in babies born outside marriage?
5.Is it there only an ethnic dimension?
6.How are moral values changing?
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UNIT 22
MARRIAGE IN THE USA
Цель занятия: развитие лексических навыков; развитие и совершенствование навыков работы по тексту со словарем; развитие и совершенствование навыков чтения текста с целью детального понимания содержания.
В результате изучения темы студент должен:
–знать новую лексику по теме «Брак. Семья»;
–уметь работать с разными типами словарей; читать текст с целью детального понимания содержания;
–владеть навыками работы с разными типами словарей; навыками чтения текста с целью детального понимания содержания (ОК-2).
Актуальность темы: умение работать с разными типами словарей; читать текст с целью детального понимания содержания необходимы для развития навыков самообразования в профессиональной деятельности.
Теоретическая часть
▪ Marriage in the USA
Marriage in the United States is considered a matter of individual responsibility and decision. American marriages are usually based on romantic love, rather than on social class, education, money, or religion. On the other hand, marriages between blacks and whites are rare. They probably account for fewer than 1 per cent of all marriages each year. Marriage is preceded by dating. Casual dating usually begins in the early teens, and by the late teens a pattern of steady dating develops. Steady dating is often followed by marriage.
What has been called the "new morality" among young people was a controversial development which started in the 1960s. Practiced largely by the young, this pattern accepts close relationships and even living together before marriage. However, many Americans do not approve of this behavior pattern and uphold a double standard in sexual behavior, which means that what is acceptable for young men is not for young women. On the other hand, some young people - both men and women - accept a single standard for both sexes before marriage.
Dating in America looks generally vary casual to outsiders. For example, it is perfectly respectable for a young man to call up a young woman, introduce himself by telephone, and arrange a date. Usually they have a friend in common. It is equally acceptable for a friend to arrange a "blind date" that is a date between two young people who have not met before.
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