Английский язык (Магистратура). Учебное пособие
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(The study) is designed to is intended for. |
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(Исследование) предназначено, имеет целью, |
предпринято |
с |
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целью. |
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Пример: |
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The study was intended to establish temperature dependence. |
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Это |
исследование |
предназначалось |
(было |
проведено) |
для |
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установления температурной зависимости. |
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Область применения |
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Для |
сообщения |
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применении |
устройства |
(метода, |
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инструмента) можно употребить следующие существительные, |
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глаголы и сочетания глаголов с существительными: |
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application - применение |
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to use, employ, apply (to), utilize - применять, использовать |
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be used (employed, applied (to), utilized), find |
use, |
find |
(have) |
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application, be applicable -использоваться, применяться, находить, |
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получать применение |
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Примеры: |
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The approach is applicable to pure samples only. |
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Этот подход (метод) применим только к чистым образцам. |
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This device has found application in physics. |
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Этот прибор находит применение в физике. |
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Существительное |
"application" |
можно |
охарактеризовать |
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следующими прилагательными: |
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wide - широкий |
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limited, few - узкий |
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different, various - различный, разнообразный |
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modern - современный |
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recent - новый, новейший |
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promising, perspective - перспективный |
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possible – возможный |
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Пример: |
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Possible application of the device in physics is discussed. |
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Обсуждается |
возможность |
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применения |
данного |
прибора |
в |
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физике. |
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71
Результат
При сообщении результатах работы вам потребуются следующие существительные:
result (on, of) - результат
findings (on) - данные (o, по, относительно), находки
data (on, concerning, as to) - данные, сведения (об, относительно,
что касается)
evidence (for, of, on) - доказательства, свидетельства fact (of, that) - факт
Эти существительные употребляются с глаголами: obtain - получать
find - находить
give, present, provide - давать, представлять report - сообщать
treat - обрабатывать
check, test, verify - проверять collect - собирать
summarize, sum up - суммировать extend to - распространять на Пример:
New data on (concerning) the behavior of the substancewere obtained.
Получены новые данные о поведении (касающиеся поведения) этого вещества.
Выводы. Заключения
Заключительные предложения рефератов часто вводятся следующими словами и сочетаниями слов:
conclude - приходить к заключению (к выводу)
make, draw, reach a conclusion, come to a conclusion that... -
приходить квыводу, что ...
lead to a conclusion, make it possible to conclude that ... - приводить к заключению, давать возможность заключить, что...
it may be noted (stated) that - можно отметить (утверждать), что ...
thus, therefore, consequently, as a result - таким образом следовательно, в результате Пример:
The author comes to conclusion that this method is applicable in the field of power generation.
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Автор приходит к выводу, что метод применим в области получения энергии.
Выполните |
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согласно |
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описанному алгоритму. |
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Text 1 |
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Science |
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Science(from theLatin word scientia, meaning "knowledge") is |
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a |
systematic enterprise |
that builds |
and |
organizes |
knowledge |
in |
the |
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form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. |
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The |
earliest |
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roots |
of |
science |
can |
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be |
traced |
to |
Ancien |
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Egypt |
and |
Mesopotamia |
in |
around |
3000 |
to |
1200 BC. |
Their |
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contributions |
to mathematics, astronomy, |
and medicine entered |
and |
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shaped |
Greek |
natural |
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philosophy |
of |
classical |
antiquity, |
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whereby |
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formal |
attempts |
were |
made |
to |
provide |
explanations |
of |
events |
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in |
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the |
physical |
world based |
on |
natural |
causes. After |
the fall |
of |
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the |
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Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions |
of |
the |
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world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 |
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to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim |
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world during the Islamic Golden Age. The recovery and assimilation |
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of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the |
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10th to 13th century revived "natural philosophy", which was later |
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transformed |
by |
the |
Scientific |
Revolution |
that began |
in |
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the |
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16th |
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century as new |
ideas |
and |
discoveries departed |
from previous |
Greek |
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conceptions |
and |
traditions. The |
scientific |
method |
soon |
played |
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a |
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greater |
role |
in knowledge creation and it was |
not |
until |
the |
19th |
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century |
that |
many of the institutional and professional |
features |
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of |
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science began to take shape; along with the changing of "natural |
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philosophy" to "natural science." |
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Modern |
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science |
is |
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typically |
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divided |
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into |
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major |
branches |
that |
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consist |
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of |
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sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, and physics), which study nature in |
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the |
broadest |
sense; the social |
sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, |
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and sociology), which study individuals and societies; and the formal |
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sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, |
and theoretical |
computer |
science), |
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which |
deal |
with |
symbols |
governed |
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by |
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rules. |
There |
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disagreement, however, on whether the formal sciences |
actually |
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constitute |
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science |
as |
they |
do |
not |
rely |
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on em |
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evidence. |
Disciplines |
that |
use existing |
scientific |
knowledge |
for |
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practical |
purposes, |
such as engineering and |
medicine, |
are |
described |
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as applied sciences. |
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New |
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knowledge |
in |
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science |
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is |
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advanced |
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by research from scientists who are motivated by curiosity about the |
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world and a desire to |
solve |
problems. |
Contemporary |
scientific |
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research |
is |
highly |
collaborative |
and |
is |
usually |
done |
by |
teams |
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in academic |
and |
research |
institutions, |
government |
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agencies, |
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and companies. The practical impact of their work has led to the |
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emergence of science policies that seek to influence the scientific |
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enterprise |
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by |
prioritizing |
the |
development |
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commerci |
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products, |
armaments, |
health |
care, |
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public |
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infrastruct |
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and environmental protection.
Text 2
How British Science Is Organized John B.S. Haldane
The British Association for the Advancement of Science was founded in 1831, and at that time almost every serious scientist in Britain belonged to it. There were so few of them that most of the year’s work in a given branch of science could be discussed in a few days. In fact it merited title of “Parliament of Science” which is still bestowed on it by some newspapers. Since then the situation has completely changed.
At present there are a number of societies, for example the Royal Astronomical Society, the Chemical Society, the Genetical Society, the Geological Society and the Physiological Society which are composed of scientists only. Finally, there is the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge. This has 384 scientific fellows, 49 foreign members, and 15 British fellows. When it was founded nearly 300 years ago, it included every scientist in England,
and many others, such as Samuel Pepys, who were interested in science. But now it only includes a small fraction of scientists, and its
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discussions are less lively than those of the societies concerned with |
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individual sciences. |
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On the other hand, the British Association is concerned with |
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matters other than science. It has sections devoted |
to psychology, |
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which is still only partially scientific, and to education and economics, |
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which in this country at any rate are hardly so at all. So, it has fallen |
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away from its former scientific spirit to a certain extent. But except for |
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the Royal Society, the scientific societies have not |
the |
money |
to |
subsidize research. This is done by universities, the government, |
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industrial firms, and endowed bodies. There is no organization of |
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research on a national scale. Some of the government and industrial |
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research is secret, and therefore of no value to science. For science |
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means knowledge. |
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The British Association is able to spare a few hundred pounds |
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yearly for grants in aid of research. But its main function now is |
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discussion. New results are generally announced |
at |
meetings |
of |
smaller societies, and the public hears very little of them. Both in |
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Russia and in Scandinavia the press has far better scientific news than |
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in Britain. If science is to advance in this country as it should, we need |
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more democracy in the laboratories, also more democratic control of |
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expenditure on research. This will only be possible if the people are |
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educated in science, and they are at present deliberately kept in the |
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dark. For a knowledge of science leads to a realization of the huge |
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amount of knowledge which could be applied to the public benefit if |
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industry, agriculture and transport were organized for use and not for |
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profit. |
Аннотационный перевод |
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Аннотационный |
перевод |
- |
это |
вид |
технического |
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документа, заключающийся в составлении аннотации оригинала |
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на русском языке. |
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Определение содержит термин «аннотация», а поэтому |
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необходимо расшифровать его содержание. Это очень важно, |
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учитывая, |
что |
Толковый |
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словарь |
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русского |
я |
Энциклопедический словарь и даже Словарь иностранных слов |
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дают неполные определения термина «аннотация». Кроме того, |
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существуют |
два вида |
аннотаций, |
качественно |
отличающихся |
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друг от друга, которые технический переводчик должен уметь составлять.
Из-за неопределенности термина «аннотация» возникает путаница, мешающая практически заинтересованным лицам,
обращающимся |
за |
помощью |
к |
переводчикам, |
правильно |
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ориентироваться |
в |
видах технического перевода, правильно |
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делать заказ на нужную им форму перевода. Так, например, у нас |
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выходит |
«Сборник |
аннотаций на лекарственные вещества», |
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который |
по сути является сборником рефератов типа «экспресс- |
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информация». Самое точное определение аннотации дается в Большой Советской Энциклопедии. Это определение почти полностью совпадает с тем, что понимают в области технического перевода под аннотацией специальной статьи или книги. Другой вид аннотации, составляемой при аннотировании иностранного патента, имеет очень важные особенности, принципиально отличающие его от аннотации статьи или книги.
Аннотация специальной статьи или книги ‒ это краткая характеристика оригинала, излагающая его содержание в виде
перечня основных вопросов и иногда |
дающая |
критическую |
оценку. |
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Из этого определения вытекает, |
что такая |
аннотация |
должна дать читателю представление о |
характере |
оригинала |
(научная статья, техническое описание, научно-популярная книга
ит. д.), о его строении (какие вопросы и в какой
последовательности разбираются, к каким выводам приходит автор и т. д.), о назначении оригинала (на кого рассчитан и т. д.), а также об объеме оригинала, качестве изложения, актуальности,
обоснованности выводов и о других подобных моментах, характеризующих оригинал. Слова определения «...излагающая его содержание...» не означают, что аннотация этого рода
действительно излагает содержание оригинала, так как изложение содержания в виде перечня основных вопросов есть только способ характеристики содержания, а не его фактическое изложение.
Итак, запомним, что главное отличие аннотации статьи или книги — это характеристика оригинала. Эта разновидность аннотационного перевода в отличие от аннотационного перевода
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патента |
осуществляется |
в |
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последовательности, |
логически |
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вытекающей из его определения: |
сначала |
переводчик |
читает |
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книгу или статью, затем составляет ее план (план как способ |
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ведения анализа может быть формальным или органическим), |
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после чего с целью характеристики оригинала формулирует его |
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основные |
положения, |
перечисляет |
его |
главные |
вопросы или |
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иным подобным способом описывает строение и содержание |
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оригинала. Что касается критической оценки, то ее может и не |
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быть, если переводчик не видит особой надобности в подобной |
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оценке. |
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Объем |
аннотационного |
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перевода, |
сравнительно |
с |
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оригиналом, определяется либо заказчиком, либо |
редактором, |
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либо самим переводчиком в зависимости от конкретных условий, |
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однако |
аннотации |
объемом |
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более |
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500 |
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печатных |
знаков |
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практически не делаются. |
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Аннотационный перевод отличается от рассмотренных |
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видов технического перевода своим вторым этапом. (Процесс |
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перевода |
вообще |
состоит |
из |
трех |
этапов: |
восприяти |
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осмысленного запоминания и воспроизведения.) Отличие это |
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заключается в том, что в этом случае на втором этапе синтез |
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неполный, при полном анализе. Соответственно и содержание |
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третьего этапа значительно уже первого, так как при |
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аннотационном переводе воспроизводится лишь очень небольшая |
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часть информации, содержащейся в оригинале, да и то в форме |
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характеристики, а не фактического изложения. |
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Стиль |
аннотационного |
перевода |
книги |
или |
статьи |
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отличается большой свободой (стиль как традиционная форма |
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изложения) и определяется только целью |
перевода |
‒ |
дать |
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краткую характеристику оригинала. |
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Написание аннотации |
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Итак, аннотация - это краткая характеристика работы с |
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изложением наиболее важных положений. Она пишется своими |
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словами, |
просто |
и |
кратко. |
Следует |
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избегать |
сложны |
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конструкций и предложений. Изложение аннотации следует |
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начинать с существа вопроса, избегать повторения заголовка. |
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Рекомендуется |
названия |
фирм, |
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исследовательских |
центров, |
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институтов, компаний давать |
в их оригинальном написании. |
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Объем аннотации обычно не превышает 600 печатных знаков. |
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Список |
выражений, |
рекомендуемых |
для |
написания |
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аннотации. |
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It is described in short |
Кратко описывается |
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... is introduced |
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.... вводится |
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It is given |
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…is examined, |
investigated |
Исследуется… |
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... is analyzed |
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Анализируется… |
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Формулируется… |
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Приведены данные о… |
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Attention is drawn to ... |
Обращается внимание на… |
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Conclusions are drawn ... |
Делаются выводы |
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Recommendations are given ... |
Даются рекомендации… |
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Ознакомьтесь с примером аннотационного перевода. |
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Economic models |
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The most striking feature of any economic system is its overall |
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complexity. Thousands of firms engage in producing millions |
of |
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different goods. Millions of individuals work |
in all sorts of |
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occupations and purchase a wide variety of products, ranging from |
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peanuts to house trailers. And in some way, all of those actions must |
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be coordinated. Take peanuts, for example. They must be harvested at |
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the right time; they must be shipped to processors who turn them into |
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peanut butter, peanut oil, peanut brittle, and |
numerous |
other |
delicacies. These processors, in turn, must make certain that their products arrive at thousands of retail outlets in the proper quantities to meet individual demand.
Since it would be impossible to describe such features of an economy in complete detail, economists have chosen to abstract from the vast complexities of real-world economies and to develop rather simple models that capture the "essentials" of the economic process. Just as a road map proves to be helpful, even though it does not record every house or every blade of grass, economic models of, say, the market for peanuts are also very useful even though they do not record
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every minute feature of the peanut economy. In this book we shall be studying the most widely used economic models; we shall see that even though they are heroic abstractions from the true complexities of the real world, they nonetheless capture certain essentials that are common to all economic activities.
The use of models is widespread in both the physical and social sciences. In physics, the notion of a "perfect" vacuum or an "ideal" gas is an abstraction that permits scientists to study real-world phenomena in simplified settings. In chemistry, the idea of an atom or a molecule
is in actuality a very simplified model of the structure of matter. Architects use mock-up models to plan buildings. Television repairers refer to wiring diagrams to locate problems. So too, economists have developed their models as aids to understanding economic issues, models that portray the way individuals make decisions, the way firms behave, and the way in which these two groups interact to establish markets.
Of course, not all models prove to be "good." For example, the earth-centered model of planetary motion devised by Ptolemy was eventually disregarded because it proved incapable of explaining
accurately how the |
planets |
move around the sun. An important |
purpose of scientific investigation is to sort out the "bad" models from |
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the "good." Two |
general |
methods have been used for verifying |
economic models in this way: (1) thedirect approach, which seeks to establish the validity of the basic assumptions on which a model is based; and (2) theindirect approach, which attempts to confirm validity by showing that a simplified model correctly predicts real-
world events. To illustrate the basic differences in the two approaches, |
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we briefly examine a model that we will use extensively in |
later |
chapters of this book—the model of a firm that has the single goal of |
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obtaining the most economic profits possible. |
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Possible summary: |
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The text deals with the development and application of possible |
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economic models. |
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According to the author, any economic system is quite complex. |
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It involves thousands of firms participated in goods production, |
as |
well as millions of people taken part in both production process and product consumption.
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It is reported that all activities should be clearly coordinated. |
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This fact is illustrated by the example of the manufacture of products |
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frompeanuts and their sale. |
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It is stressed that it’s impossible to describe in detail the real- |
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world economy complexity, so it is very important to create fairly |
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simple models that reflect the key point |
of the |
economic |
process |
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typical for any type of economic system. |
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Выполните аннотационный перевод текста. |
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Science |
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Science is a source of progress. It develops the world we live in. |
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Our century is an epoch of great |
discoveries |
in |
science |
and |
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engineering. It is epoch of scientific and |
technological |
revolution, |
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when new ideas are being born and new discoveries, inventions are |
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being made at an ever increasing rate. Today science has become the |
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most important factor in the development of national economy in the |
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whole world. |
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Scientific progress serves the interests of society, |
helps |
to |
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increase the well - being of people and develops public education. |
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Computer technology plays the most important role in the progress of |
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science. The ability of computers to |
solve |
many |
mathematical |
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problems more effective than man does, has given rise to new trends in mathematics.
Computer science is a new field of study and research. In recent
years scientists of the world have achieved great success in the development of physics, chemistry, biology, and such astonishing, interesting science as psychology. But science may be turned both for peace and military purpose. It can take good forms and evil forms.
With the help of scientific inventions |
politicians |
make |
weapons |
of |
mass destruction. But on the other hand researches help us in our life: |
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at home, at work, at school and |
make the |
level |
of the |
country |
development higher. That's why there are a lot's of facts telling about a great amount of well-known scientists who had burned their works when they've understood the consequences of their inventions.
There are a lot of world-known scientists but one of the greatest names in history of man's work in physics. James Clerk Maxwell was
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