Английский язык (Магистратура). Учебное пособие

television we can watch sputnics and spaceships. 5. A computer is an effective means of solving mathematical problems.

б) Переведите на английский язык:

важное средство; посредством (при помощи) науки; новое значение слова; это означает, что ... ; технические средства.

7. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты для следующих слов и выражений.

·создать современное оружие;

·сохранять мир;

·улучшить жизнь;

·проблема обеспечения мира энергией;

·разработать ряд решений энергетической проблемы;

·анализировать мировые ресурсы;

·сообща пользоваться ресурсами;

·знания, предоставляемые кому-либо наукой;

·Вселенная;

·использовать возможности на благо человека;

·быть связанным с современной техникой;

·результат технических достижений;

·иметь огромное значение для чьей-либо жизни;

·давать людям понимание чего-либо;

·предсказывать землетрясения;

·изучать различные аспекты биологии человека;

·происхождение и развитие человеческого рода;

·элементарное знание науки;

·ориентироваться в меняющемся мире.

8. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Why is science so important in the modern world ? 2. How does science help keep peace in the world ? 3. How does science help solve the energy problem ? 4. What proves that the study of science is important for understanding of the natural world ?

9. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Наука помогла разработать современное оружие.

2. Наука находит все новые решения энергетической проблемы.

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3. Наука помогла людям научиться использовать энергию солнца и атома. 4. Наука помогла научиться совместному использованию ресурсов. 5. Ученые предсказывают землетрясения. 6. Наука помогла улучшить жизнь людей. 7. Знания необходимы людям, чтобы ориентироваться в изменяющемся мире.

пересказа.

for the benefit of men; important; to understand natural world; to develop; advances in technology; essential for people’s lives; the modern tools of war; to find new energy sources; to keep the peace; to supply the world with energy; to improve life.

11. Согласны ли Вы со следующими утверждениями? Обоснуйте Ваш ответ.

Science very little affects everyday life. 2. We can hardly speak of any achievements in medicine. 3. Science is motivated by curiosity of a researcher.

Теxt 2

1. Прочитайте текст и сделайте его полный письменный перевод.

Science and Technology

In recent years life on our planet has been drastically changed due to scientific and technological developments. Our views both of ourselves as individuals in society and of the Universe as a whole havechanged as well.

Today, science and technology are closely related. Many modern technologies such as nuclear power and space flights depend on science and the application of scientific knowledge and principles.

Each advance in pure science creates new opportunities for the development of new ways of making things to be used in daily life. In turn, technology provides science with new and more accurate instruments for its investigation and research.

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technology truly was based on science and inventors began to build on the work of scientists.

In a sense, the history of science and technology is the history of all humankind.

Vocabulary

technology, n - техника

science and technology - наука и техника developments, n - достижения drastically, adv - резко

a view (of smb., smth.), n - взгляд (на кого-либо, что-либо) be closely related - быть тесно связанным

apply, v - применять application, n - применение

an advance in pure science - прогресс в чистой науке create, v - создавать

opportunity, n - возможность

an instrument for investigation - инструмент исследований

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alter, v - изменять

throughout human history - на всем протяжении истории человечества

narrow, a - узкий sense, n - смысл

power-driven machines - паровыемашины according to one estimate - по одной оценке

increased scientific activity - возросшая научная деятельность discovery, n - открытие

build on the work of scientists - основываться на научных работах

2. Образуйте глаголы от следующих существительных. Переведите их на русский язык.

development, relation, application, knowledge, investigation, discovery, improvement, production, invention.

3. Переведите однокоренные слова и определите, к какой части речи они относятся.

science – scientist – scientific; develop – developer – development; nucleus – nuclei – nuclear;

apply – applied – application; accurate – accuracy;

invent – inventor – invention; power – powerful – powerless;

produce – product – production – productive.

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты для следующих выражений.

наука и техника; достижения науки и техники; резко изменить жизнь; бытьтесно связанным; атомная энергия; космический полет; применение научных знаний и принципов;

среду; массовое производство товаров; создать основу; век науки и техники.

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6. Задайте вопросы к следующим предложениям.

1.Scientific and technological developments have drastically changed life on our planet.

2.Science and technology are closely related.

3.Many modern technologies depend on science.

4.Technology provides science with new and accurate instruments.

5.Men and women have invented tools, machines, materials

and techniques.

6.We say that we live in an age of science and technology.

7.Industrial technology began about 200 years ago.

7.Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

8.What role has scientific and technological development

played in man’s life?

9. What proves that science and technology are closely related today?

10.What does the termtechnology refer to?

11.What does the term industrial technology mean?

12.How is scientific activity in 1970-s estimated?

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The use of resources

Resources help people satisfy their needs and wants. Natural resources - a naturally occurring material that can be used to produce goods and services - occur as part of tin-environment and are an important part of an area’s characteristics. Renewable resources can be used over and over again, but scarce and nonrenewable resources must be conserved or recycled for use by future generations.

Earth is a planet rich in the materials necessary to support life. People can live only by making use of the earth’s natural resources. Resources include not only minerals, soil, water, forests, and wildlife, but also air and the energy of the sun when people know how to make use of them. People convert the things that nature provides into useful machines, tools, and foods. Even the most desolate and isolated areas of the world contain at least some resources, or materials that people use to meet basic needs and wants.

As people use natural resources, they change the natural landscape. Changes in the landscape brought about by mining and farming illustrate this idea. Yet the use of natural resources also brings about changes in the cultural landscape. Centuries ago the Romans built stone aqueducts to carry water to many parts of the Roman Empire. For some people, this made Water readily available for the first time. Today vehicles use highways, canals, and airways to speed the movement of valuable resources throughout the world.

Not all people in the world use natural resources in the same way. Factors that affect the use of natural resources include cultural differences, technological change, economic factors, and geopolitics.

Economic factors also play an important part in the way people use natural resources. Scarcity and rising prices have always led people to seek cheaper substitutes for costly resources. In colonial days, for example, people burned whale oil for lighting. As demand for whale oil rose, more and more whales were hunted. Eventually over hunting made whales harder to find and prices rose. People then looked

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for cheaper substitutes. In time they found a way to make kerosene from petroleum. Because kerosene cost less than whale oil, it quickly replaced whale oil as a lighting fuel.

Another factor that affects the use of natural resources is geopolitics - the relationship between geography and political policy. The international trade of scarce minerals provides an example of the importance of geopolitics in today’s world.

Most mineral deposits are unevenly distributed across the earth. This uneven distribution has resulted in increased world trade as countries lacking certain mineral resources buy what they need from other countries. Depending on the circumstances, a price increase or interruption in supply could result in great changes till the country importing the mineral. Geopolitics is becoming an increasingly important force in the world today.

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Теxt 4

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The atmosphere is one of the most important components of the environmental ecosphere where man can exist. It is characterized by the quantitative and qualitative composition of the air. The dry air near the surface of the Earth contains 78 % of Nitrogen (N), 21.95 % of Hydrogen (H), 0.93 of Argon (Ar), and 0.03 % of Carbon Dioxide (CO2). The rest 0.01 % belongs to Gallium (Ga), Neon (Ne), Krypton

(Kr), Xenon (Xe), ozone, Radon (Rn), Iodine (I), etc. Nitrogen is important for all the life on the Earth. Oxygen is required for people,

people's health as well as for the environment and the wild life. They also change the climate locally and worldwide. After settling down on the vegetation cover (grass) harmful substances destruct it and pollute the soil and water bodies. All this causes irreversible processes in the environment the outcomes of which can be seen only some decades later.

To protect the environment and to keep it clean is a global task. That is why international cooperation in this field has been

decreases. The development of the astronautics gave us an opportunity to determine the degree of the pollution more precisely. In the pictures (photos) received from sputniks one can clearly see the traces of industrial pollution, such as smoke, dust, cinder, etc. stretching for hundreds of kilometers. Town areas and their suburbs are the most polluted ones.

Dust contained in the air can be classified into two groups:

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2) substances affecting the organs of respiration.

The body covered with dust can suffer from such diseases as

wastes are so great that the atmosphere cannot manage to absorb them, so they accumulate.

Теxt 5

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