Professional Career in Food Industry. Tutorial

TEXT-DIALOGUE: BASIC AND HIGHER EDUCATION IN

RUSSIA

Nick Johnson: Let me introduce myself. I am Nick Johnson, a student of Russian studies department of London University. Now we study the system of education in Russia in general and the problems of higher education in particular. I am happy to have a chance of having an interview with undergraduate students specializing in Food Engineering to obtain the Bakalavr’s degree. I hope you will help me understand the system of higher education in Russia.

Alexander Pavlov: Certainly. I’m Alexander Pavlov, a second-year student of the department of Biotechnology. I am glad to give you information you need in English. It will be a good practice in English with a native-speaker. So, perhaps you know that Russia has a long-standing tradition in high-quality education for all citizens. It probably has also one of the best mass-education systems in the world producing a literacy rate (98%) exceeding most Western European countries.

N. J.: I have read that education in Russia is split into a compulsory Basic Education, and ongoing Higher Education. Is it so?

A.P.: Right you are. Basic general education lasts for nine years. Graduates of this level may continue their education at senior high school to receive secondary general education. They may also enter an initial vocational school or non-university level higher education institutions. Graduates from a secondary general school having School Leaving Certificate may apply for entrance to a higher education institution

N.J.: I heard that higher education is provided by public and nonpublic (non-State) accredited higher education institutions, universities included. And how many levels of higher education do you have?

A.P.: Two levels. The first is Basic higher education (4 years) leading to the Bakalavr’s degree, the first university level degree. This is equivalent to the B.Sc. (Bachelor of Science) degree in the US or Western Europe.

N.J.: And the second?

A.P.: Postgraduate higher education (5-6 years or more). After two years, students can receive a Magistr’s degree. This is equivalent to a Master’s Degree (M.Sc, M.A.) in the US or Western Europe. After a Master’s degree, students can continue to study towards a doctoral degree: Kandidat Nauk degree (the first level, equivalent to Ph.D.) and Doktor Nauk degree (the second, highest level, equivalent to Professor).

21

N. J.: Thank you very much for information. Now I can tell my fellow-students about specific features of higher education in Russia.

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Speaking activity. Give a short answer to the question:

Where is it better to receive higher education – in public or non-public higher education institution in Russia?

2.Ask your friend why a student from London was interested in Russian system of education.

3.Comment on the following:

Russians have always shown a great concern for education. The right to education is stated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. This right is ensured by compulsory secondary schools, vocational schools, and higher education establishments. It is also ensured by the development of extramural and evening courses and the system of state scholarships and grants.

4. Construct sentences with word combinations referring to higher education: self-education, day department, examination period, key subject, compulsory attendance

5.Writing activity. Use the proverbs in your stories:”Experience is the best teacher”, “The busiest man finds the most time”.

6.Translation practice. Translate the following extract about education into Russian in a written form. Write 5 questions of different types to the extract.

Russia’s higher education system started with the foundation of the universities in Moscow and St. Petersburg in the middle of the 18th century. The system was constructed similar to that of Germany. In Soviet times all of the population in Russia had at least a secondary education. The pursuit of higher education was and still is considered to be very prestigious. More than 50% of people have a higher education.

Due to demands of the international educational organizations, the system of education in Russia began to change. Universities began transitioning to a system similar to that of Britain and the USA: 4 years for

22

the Bachelor’s degree and 2 years for a Master’s degree. The universities are still in the process of these changes; some of them offer a new system and others still work according to the prior 5-year system, particularly in programs such as law.

7. Translate the questions into English:

1. Почему система образования в России имеет давние традиции?

2.Сколько лет необходимо учиться, чтобы получить университетскую степень бакалавра?

3.Обязательно ли высшее образование в России?

4.Каким образом можно получить хорошие знания по английскому языку?

5.Где можно получить начальное профессиональное образование по производству мясных продуктов?

8.Grammar point. Construct grammatically correct sentences using Articles (a, an, the, –). Translate them into Russian:

Example: My dream is to enter ___higher education institution. (a, an, the, –) = My dream is to enter a higher education institution. = Моя мечта – поступить в высшее учебное заведение.

1.I received ___first university level degree in 2010, it was in Diary Foods Technologies.

2.I have information that ___education in Russia is split into Basic Education and Higher Education.

3.I want to have ___chance of applying to___ Food Production Equipment Department of ___KNRTU.

4.Is it possible to get ___ good practice in English at the university?

5._____high-quality education in different spheres of science and engineering is provided for all citizens of Russia.

9.Test-sentences. Choose the correct word or word combination to fill in the blank:

-After getting basic higher education leading to the Bakalavr’s degree (the first university level degree), I want ____________________in Food microbiology and to study the microorganisms.

23

d) to provide choice

-Russia has a long-standing ___________ in high-quality education for all citizens.

10. Food Science Basics. Translate the following text in a written form using a dictionary. Make a list of words and word combinations referring to Food chemistry.

The macronutrients in human life

The macronutrients are carbohydrates, fiber, fats, protein, and water. The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material and energy, which is measured in calories. Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons.

Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). They constitute a large part of foods such as rice, noodles, bread, and other grain- based products.

Dietary fiber is a carbohydrate that is incompletely absorbed in humans and in some animals. Whole grains, fruits (especially plums, and prunes), and vegetables are good sources of dietary fiber. There are many health benefits of a high-fiber diet for the process of digestion.

Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated. Some fatty acids are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Saturated fats (typically from animal sources) have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia. Unsaturated fats (e.g. vegetable oil) are considered healthier, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter), while unsaturated fats are typically liquids (such as olive oil).

Proteins are structural materials in much of the animal body (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair). They also form the enzymes that control chemical reactions throughout the body. The body requires amino acids to produce new proteins and to replace damaged proteins. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containing amino acids. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and

24

hydrogen. About twenty amino acids are found in the human body, and about ten of these are essential and, therefore, must be included in the diet. A diet that contains adequate amounts of amino acids (especially those that are essential) is particularly important.

Water is important substance in human life. Early recommendations for the quantity of water required for maintenance of good health suggested that 6–8 glasses of water daily. About 80% of our daily water requirement comes from the beverages we drink, with the remaining 20% coming from food.

(Selected and adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition)

UNIT 6. THE BAKALAVR'S OR MAGISTR'S DEGREE

PRE-TEXT EXERCISES

1. Vocabulary study. Check if you read these words correctly: guidance, supervisor, competitive, access

2. Explain the meaning of the nouns: research, framework, dissertation, supervisor

3.Translate the following verbs into Russian: to elaborate, to regulate, to obtain, to admit, to award, to depend (on)

4.Translate into Russian the following compound words: full-time, university-level, social-economic, job-hunting, highly-paid job

5.Explain the phrases from the text: to pass state final exams,

generally speaking, full-time study, to defend a thesis, to carry out

independent research, under the guidance o

Text reading and comprehension. Read and translate the following text-dialogue orally. Use a dictionary if necessary.

TEXT-DIALOGUE: THE BAKALAVR'S OR MAGISTR'S

DEGREE

Nick Johnson: Since our last meeting with Russian students I have read a lot of newspaper articles about higher education in Russia but I’ve got no clear idea about differences in Bakalavr’s (Bachelor’s) and Magistr’s (Master’s) degree programs. Could you tell me in more details about Bakalavr’s degree, please?

Alexander Pavlov: Willingly. The Bakalavr’s (Bachelor’s) degree programmes last for at least 4 years of full-time university-level study. The programmes are elaborated in accordance with the State Educational

25

Standards which regulate almost 80% of their content. The other 20% are elaborated by the university itself. The programmes include professional and special courses in Science, the Humanities and Social-economic disciplines, professional training, completion of a research paper/project and passing State final exams.

N.J.: And what then?

A.P.: Having obtained the Bakalavr’s degree, students may apply to enter the Magistr’s programme or continue their studies in the framework of the Specialist’s Diploma programmes. The Bakalavr’s degree is awarded in all fields except Medicine after defending a Diploma project prepared under the guidance of a supervisor and passing the final exams. In Medicine, the first stage lasts for six years.

N.J.: Can you continue your studies or can you apply for a job?

A.P.: It depends on career plans. Generally speaking, you have a chance to continue education but it will take time and efforts.

N.J.: So then…

A.P.: Holders of the Bakalavr’s (Bachelor) degree are admitted to enter the Specialist Diploma and Magistr’s (Master’s) degree programmes. Access to these programmes is competitive. The Magistr’s (Master’s) degree is awarded after successful completion of two years’ full-time study. Students must carry out a year of research including practice and prepare and defend a thesis and then get ready for final examinations.

N.J.: My professor says that access to the Kandidat Nauk (Aspirantura) level again is very competitive. Candidates must hold a Specialist Diploma or a Magistr’s degree. Studies last for 3 years. The Aspirantura prepares for research and professorial activities. Students must learn teaching methods and pass qualifying (Kandidat Nauk) exams.

A.P.: And they carry out independent research, prepare and defend a dissertation in public. They are then awarded the scientific degree of Kandidat Nauk. The Doctor Nauk programme is specific and its duration is not fixed. It follows the Kandidat Nauk and is awarded after preparation and public defence of a dissertation.

N.J.: Thank you for information. It was very useful for my future report about higher education in Russia. And you? Are you going to get Master’s degree or to apply for a job?

A.P.: I’ll begin job-hunting for a highly-paid job in Food Engineering at Small Enterprises.

N.J.: Then I wish you luck.

26

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Speaking activity. Give a short answer to the question:

Who is admitted to enter the Specialist Diploma and Magistr’s (Master’s) degree programmes?

2.Ask your friend if he will have examination in Food chemistry.

3.Comment on the following: We judge ourselves by what we are capable of doing, but the others judge us by what we have done.

4.State the wrong translation of the words and word combinations referring to education:

A training scheme – программа обучения; a trainee – тренер; a sandwich course – курс обучения с теорией и практикой; a competitive inaction – конкурс; the know-how – секрет профессии

5. Translate the words in brackets into English and produce a piece of information for discussion:

The main sub-divisions of vocational (образование) at Vocational

Training Centres are (технические), (торговые), art, (сельскохозяйственные) and horticultural. Technical education is (организовано) in the following (структуре): Local or District Colleges do the elementary (работа), Area Colleges – the intermediate, and the Regional Colleges and Colleges of Advanced (технология) – the advanced.

6. Translation practice. Translate into Russian and ask five questions to the sentences.

-Education in England and Wales is regulated by the Education Act of 1944.

-Ministry of Education is the central authority established by law.

-Scotland and Northern Ireland have educational systems of their own, basically similar to that of England and Wales but differing considerably in detail.

-Russians have always shown a great concern for education.

-The right to education is stated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

-It is ensured by compulsory secondary schools, vocational schools, and higher education establishments.

27

- It is also ensured by the development of extramural and evening courses and the system of state scholarships and grants.

7. Translate into Russian in a written form. Make up 5 questions to the extract about education in England.

Academic work and professional training in Great Britain differ from college to college. Many students between 15 and 18 attend mainly parttime and evening courses.

Many colleges have so-called “sandwich courses” or short full-time block release courses instead of part-time courses. There are several patterns for “sandwich courses: six months in college and six months in industry; four weeks in college and eight weeks in industry; six weeks in college and ten weeks in industry. The effectiveness of “sandwich courses” is recognized. Part-time training includes day-release courses, evening classes, correspondence courses. The refresher courses were seen as an important element of the technician training programme, designed to provide the technician’s knowledge to be up-to-date.

8.Reading activity. Read the sentences correctly. Use a dictionary if necessary.

Although they lived hundreds of miles apart, Steven Jobs and William Gates (Bill Gates) have much in common. Both were born in 1956. Both were pioneers on the personal computer industry. The earliest computers were highly technical machines, understandable only to scientists. Steven Jobs reasoned that if computers were made easier to use and less expensive, the public would buy them. He was right.

9.Grammar point. Construct grammatically correct sentences using

Prepositions (in, of, about, for, with, by, between, out, under). Translate them into Russian:

Example: The University trains ____research and professorial activities. = The University trains for research and professorial activities. =

Университет готовит к исследовательской и профессиональной деятельности.

1.All university programmes are worked out ___accordance ___the State Educational Standards.

2.It is very difficult for me to get a clear idea ______differences

_____British and Russian systems of education.

28

3.At the University students must carry ____a year ___research including practice.

4.Is it interesting to defend a Diploma project prepared ______the guidance of a supervisor?

5.Your information is very useful ___my future report ____higher education ___Russia.

10. Test-sentence. Choose the correct word to fill in the blank:

All the work at the Colleges of Advanced Technology in England is at levels comparable with undergraduate and postgraduate work in universities because they__________ students for the Diploma in

The micronutrients in human organism

The micronutrients are minerals, trace minerals and vitamins. Dietary minerals are inorganic chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that are present in nearly all organic molecules.

The term "mineral" is archaic, since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the diet. Some are heavier than the four just mentioned, including several metals, which often occur as ions in the body. Some dietitians recommend that these be supplied from foods in which they occur naturally, or at least as complex compounds.

Some minerals are absorbed much more readily in the ionic forms found in such sources. On the other hand, minerals are often artificially added to the diet as supplements; the most famous is likely iodine in iodized salt.

Many elements are essential in relative quantity; they are usually called macrominerals or "bulk minerals". They are:

-Calcium, a common electrolyte, but also needed structurally (for muscle and bone strength);

-Chlorine as chloride ions; very common electrolyte;

-Magnesium, required for building bones;

29

-Phosphorus, required component of bones; is essential for energy processing;

-Potassium, a very common electrolyte (heart and nerve health);

-Sodium, a very common electrolyte; typically used as sodium chloride, or common salt;

-Sulfur, is essential for amino acids and therefore many proteins

(skin, hair, nails, liver, and pancreas). Sulfur is consumed in the form of sulfur-containing amino acids.

Trace minerals are required in trace amounts, usually because they play a catalytic role in enzymes. Some trace mineral elements are: cobalt required for biosynthesis of vitamin B12; copper; chromium required for sugar metabolism; iodine; iron required for many enzymes, and for hemoglobin; manganese (processing of oxygen); molybdenum; selenium, and zinc.

Vitamins, useful for survival and health, are recognized as organic essential nutrients, necessary in the diet for good health. Vitamin D is the exception: it can be synthesized in the skin, in the presence of ultra-violet radiation. Deficiencies of vitamins are classified as either primary or secondary. A primary deficiency occurs when an organism does not get enough of the vitamin in its food. A secondary deficiency may be due to an underlying disorder that prevents or limits the absorption or use of the vitamin, due to a "lifestyle factor", such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, or the use of medications that interfere with the absorption or use of the vitamin. Vitamin deficiencies may result in disease of immune system, disorders of cell metabolism, and poor psychological health.

(Selected and adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition)

UNIT 7. JOB OR MAGISTR'S DEGREE

PRE-TEXT EXERCISES

1.Vocabulary study. Check if you read these words correctly: engineering, financially, equipment, thorough, competitive

2.Explain the meaning of the nouns: salary, recognition

3.Translate the following verbs into Russian: to support, to acquire,

to involve, to apply (to), to strengthen, to finalize

4. Explain the phrases from the text: to gain a thorough understanding, to receive an official recognition

30