Professional Career in Food Industry. Tutorial
.pdf6. Explain the origin and meaning of word combination “lingua franca” using dictionaries or internet resources
Text reading and comprehension. Read and translate the following text orally. Use a dictionary if necessary.
TEXT: WHY DO PEOPLE WANT TO LEARN ENGLISH?
English is now a global “lingua franca” – a language for wide communication. This is the first language for the majority of the population in several countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, a few Caribbean nations, and New Zealand.
There are about 375 million English speakers (as the first language) and 750 million English speakers (as the second language). English as official or special status language is used in at least 70 countries. These numbers show how important English is.
So what makes English so great? And why do people want to learn it? The simple answer is because of the widespread use of the language in education, science and technology and most importantly, in business, world trade and production.
English opens doors to employment, education and travel. An ability to communicate in English is vital now because the vast majority of companies list English amongst the most essential qualities required for posts particularly at management level.
In many countries and markets, knowing English opens opportunities of job employment. English is the communication medium in fields such as science and aviation, food production and trade. In these fields, many of the available jobs will be closed to you, if you don’t speak English.
More and more global companies have adopted English as their main language. It is also worth noting that English is being adopted by international companies in the countries that don’t speak English.
Most technical specialized periodicals and international journals, catalogues are printed in English.
When you travel to countries where English is the main language, it is important to speak and understand it. Throughout Canada, the US and the UK, shopping and traveling is often made easier by speaking English since many people may not speak other languages. When you speak English, you will be able to communicate more easily with the locals and explore the regions that may otherwise remain unknown.
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When traveling to locations where people speak English, you won’t have to worry about being able to find someone to help you with direction if you lose your way. When dining out, you can order dishes you actually like since you will understand all the ingredients written in English.
ASSIGNMENTS
1. Speaking activity. Give a short answer to the question:
Why is English adopted by international companies in the countries that don’t speak English?
2.Answer the question: Is it necessary to put information about your knowledge of English on your CV (resume) and why?
3.Comment on the following: To get your dream job and earn more money you should know English.
4.Translation practice. Translate the explanation of dishes from the menu “Russian Favourite Dishes”. What dishes would you like to eat?
From MENU “RUSSIAN FAVOURITE DISHES”
Starters
Stolichny salad – potato-chicken salad with cucumbers, eggs, garnished with mayonnaise
Fish platter a la Russe – an assortment of smoked salmon, sturgeon and mackerel with caviar decoration
Soup
Borsch – a traditional Russian soup with beetroots, cabbage and carrots garnished with smetana and lemon
Fish solyanka – a traditional fish soup with olives, salted cucumbers, onion garnished with smetana
Main dishes
Beef stroganoff – served with beetroot, cucumbers, rice and Russian cream (smetana)
Salmon coulibiaca – salmon, rice, eggs, and mushrooms wrapped in puff pastry served on red caviar sauce
Sturgeon brochette – with beetroot sauce and Pushkin potatoes
Desserts
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St. Petersburg Sunset – slice of marble cake with butter cream on orange sauce
Joghurt crème with red currant jelly Ice-cream selection – served with fruit
5. Reading practice. Read and translate a recipe of home-made
cake:
250 g of flour; 250 g of sugar; 250 g of seedless raisins; 50 g of chopped almonds; 50 g of pressed cherries; 170 g of butter; 4 eggs; pinch of soda. Sieve the flour, sugar and soda together into a basin, add the prepared fruit-chopped cherries and almond. Add eggs and butter. Mix it thoroughly. Place in a tin lined with greaseproof paper and brush with some melted butter. Bake in a slow oven for 2 hours. Leave for 5 minutes in a tin, then turn it out and cool.
6.Writing activity. Answer the questions in written form, using the words in brackets).
1.What problem do American consumers face when buying food? (great assortment, different countries, fresh and frozen)
2.What was the role of fast food and take-out restaurants in American life? (the cheaper cost, time economy, convenience)
3.What is a more recent development in the American food industry? (healthier food, low-fat diet, “organic food)
7.Grammar point. Construct grammatically correct sentences, translating them from Russian into English.
Example:
В наши дни совершенно необходимо знание иностранного языка. = Nowadays it's very necessary to know a foreign language.
1.Знание иностранного языка помогает развивать дружбу и понимание между людьми.
2.Я изучаю английский, потому что я хочу читать книги великих английских писателей в оригинале
3.Я хочу общаться с людьми из разных стран, я хочу понимать их культуру и традиции.
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4.Мне нравится путешествовать.
5.Говоря на английском, я могу отправиться в любую страну, потому что более миллиарда людей говорят по-английски.
6.Как я изучаю английский? Прежде всего, я много читаю.
7.Я слушаю песни на английском и пытаюсь узнавать новые
слова.
8.Мне нравится смотреть различные программы на английском языке по интернету.
9.Мне нравится изучать английский язык с другом.
8. Test-sentence. Choose the correct word to fill in the blank:
When you have decided what to do about your future career, you should think where to get education and work ___________.
a) self-evaluation b) suggestions c) experience d) knowledge
9. Food Science Basics. Translate the following text in a written form using a dictionary.
Make a list of words and word combinations referring to Food sphere.
Genetically modified foods
Genetically modified foods or GM foods, also known as genetically engineered foods, are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering techniques allow for the introduction of new traits as well as greater control over traits than previous methods such as selective breeding and mutation breeding.
Human-directed genetic manipulation of food began with the domestication of plants and animals through artificial selection at about 10,500 to 10,100 BC. The process of selective breeding, in which organisms with desired traits and thus with the desired genes are used to breed the next generation and organisms lacking the trait are not bred, is a precursor to the modern concept of genetic modification (GM). With the discovery of DNA in the early 1900s and various advancements in genetic techniques through the 1970s it became possible to directly alter the DNA and genes within food.
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The first genetically modified plant was produced in 1983, using an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. Genetically modified microbial enzymes were the first application of genetically modified organisms in food production and were approved in 1988 by the US Food and Drug Administration. The first genetically modified food approved for release was the Flavr Savr tomato in 1994. It was engineered to have a longer shelf-life. China was the first country to commercialize a transgenic crop in 1993 with the introduction of virus-resistant tobacco. Later on in 1995 potato was approved for cultivation and further on maize, cotton, soybeans, and delayed ripening tomato.
With the creation of golden rice in 2000, scientists had genetically modified food to increase its nutrient value for the first time. By 2010, 29 countries had planted commercialized biotech crops and a further 31 countries had granted regulatory approval for transgenic crops to be imported. The US was the leading country in the production of GM foods in 2011. The first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was AquAdvantage salmon in 2015.
There is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction. But people are much less likely than scientists to accept GM foods as safe. The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation.
However, there are ongoing public concerns related to food safety, regulation, labelling, environmental impact, research methods of GM foods.
(Selected and adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food)
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TEXTS FOR ADDITIONAL READING AND TRANSLATION
Chemistry – the ancient science
Chemistry is the science of matter and the changes it undergoes. Chemistry is concerned with the composition, behavior (or reaction), structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. Ancient Egyptians pioneered chemistry 4,000 years ago. By 1000 B.C. civilizations were using more complex forms of chemistry such as using plants for medicine, extracting metal from ores, fermenting wine and making cosmetics.
The genesis of chemistry can be traced to the widely observed phenomenon of burning that led to metallurgy. The greed for gold led to the discovery of the process for its purification. The earliest pioneers of chemistry, and inventors of the modern scientific method were medieval Arab and Persian scholars. They used experimentation and discovered numerous chemical substances. The emergence of chemistry during the socalled Dark Ages gave rise to a need for medicines.
Later on Antoine Lavoisier, developed the theory of Conservation of mass in 1783; and John Dalton developed the Atomic Theory by around 1800.The discovery of the chemical elements has a long history from the days of alchemy. The discovery of the Periodic table of the chemical elements by Dmitri Mendeleev was very important.
Modern disciplines include inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry and analytical chemistry – the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Biochemistry together with biotechnology and bioengineering is important trend nowadays.
The development of biology
It is not known when the study of biology originated, but it can be safely assumed that early humanoids had some experimental knowledge of the animals and plants around them. Their very survival relied on the recognition of poisonous plants and on the basic understanding of the habits of predators. Many of the earliest records of biology come from the information left behind by the Assyrians and Babylonians. There is growing evidence from China and India as early as 2500 BC that there were
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general practices of the therapeutic healing, silkworm use to produce silk, biological control of crops, and agricultural cultivation.
With the arrival of Greek civilization, the study of biology shifted dramatically to a belief that every event has a cause and that a particular cause produces a particular effect. These philosophers of science assumed the existence of a natural law governing the universe. Although they established the science of biology, their greatest contribution to science was the idea of rational thought.
The basic picture in biology has stayed roughly the same since DNA was first imaged using x-ray crystallography in the 1950s. Evolution, while creative, operates slowly. In recent years, much interest in biology has centered on the sequencing of genomes and their comparison, called genomics, and the creation of life with custom-written DNA programming, called synthetic biology. Biology is the constituent of biotechnology and bioengineering.
What is Biochemistry?
Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes. By controlling information flow through biochemical signaling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the incredible complexity of life.
Much of biochemistry deals with the structures and functions of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules. Over the last 40 years biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life sciences are engaged in biochemical research. Today the main focus of pure biochemistry is in understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living cells. Among the vast number of different biomolecules, many are complex and large molecules (called biopolymers), which are composed of similar repeating subunits (called monomers). For example, a protein is a polymer whose subunits are selected from a set of 20 or more amino acids.
Biochemistry studies the chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, and in particular the chemistry of enzymecatalyzed reactions. The biochemistry studies cell metabolism the genetic
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code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction.
Microbiology and its role in bioengineering
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are microscopic and unicellular organisms. This includes fungi, viruses, though not classed as living organisms, are also studied. Microbiology includes virology, mycology, parasitology, bacteriology and other branches.
Microbiology is researched actively. Many microbes are responsible for beneficial processes such as industrial fermentation, antibiotic production and others. Bacteria can be used for the industrial production of amino acids. There is one of the most important bacterial species with an annual production of more than two million tons of amino acids. Microorganisms are used for the biotechnological production of biopolymers with tailored properties suitable for high-value medical application such as tissue engineering and drug delivery.
Microorganisms are beneficial for microbial biodegradation of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes. The ability of each microorganism to degrade toxic waste depends on the nature of each contaminant. There are also various claims concerning the contributions to human and animal health by consuming probiotics (bacteria potentially beneficial to the digestive system) and/or prebiotics (substances consumed to promote the growth of probiotic microorganisms).
Recent research has suggested that microorganisms could be useful in the treatment of cancer.
Grain and grain products
Grain is the world's most important crop. Without grain the world could not support the large number of people that live on it. Half the people of the world depend on rice to fill their stomachs. The other half eats breads made from wheat or rye. Many people eat foods made from corn or oatmeal.
Grains are so important that many ancient peoples believed they were given to man by gods. The ancient Romans had a goddess called Ceres, whom they believed to be the giver of grain. Our word "cereal" comes from her name. Many different foods are made from cereal grains. A special kind of wheat called “durum” is used for manufacturing spaghetti and macaroni. Porridge is made from oatmeal. Corn is used to make bread called corn pone, for cornmeal mush, and for hominy. Cakes, cookies,
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biscuits, and crackers, as well as bread, are made from wheat flour. Noodles, dumplings, and other similar boiled products are also made from flour. And flour is used to thicken soups and sauces.
Grains are equally useful as feed for animals. The animals eat the grain, and we eat the animals or their products. Cattle fed partly on grain give us milk and beef. Pigs eat large amounts of grain and give us pork and bacon. Chickens, turkeys, and ducks also eat grain and provide us with eggs and meat.
Many nonfood products are also made from grains. Some of the straw provides pulp for paper products. The starches and glutens contained in the grain may be used for cloth, chewing gum, chemicals, and soft drinks
Nutritional value of cereal foods
Most of the Foods made from cereals are similar in nutritional value, in considering the nutrition value of cereal products. About 50 to 70 percent of most grain products is made up of starch and sugars. Cereals are used by the body to produce energy for our physical and mental work, The proteins in grain products are also a useful part of the diet for body-building. But the cereal proteins do not have the best combination of amino acids for nutrition. The amino acids are the building blocks of which proteins are composed. People who eat meat, vegetables, fruit, milk, and eggs in addition to cereal grains are more likely to grow strong and healthy. People who live almost completely on grain can keep themselves alive, but they tend to be smaller and less healthy than people with a more varied diet. Beverages like beer and whiskey are also made from grains.
Corn is the principal source of starch. Starches are widely distributed in the plant world. They are stored principally in seeds, fruits and roots. This starch is used in making candies, chewing gum, and baking powder and in brewing beer. By boiling it with acid, starch can be broken down into sugars. Starch sugars are used in baked products, drugs, soft drinks, jams jellies, ice cream, and other foods.
One of the most important properties of starch granules is their behavior on heating with water. For many industrial applications the properties of natural starches are changed by various treatments, for example the action of enzyme, acids or oxidizing agents.
Meat in the diet
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Meat plays a most significant role in the diet; it generally enhances the meal, makes for satiety, and slakes off the hunger. It is almost completely digestible and high on the nutritional scale. Meat may be defined as the carcass of any animal used as food, including domestic animals raised for food, fish, poultry and game. It is composed of lean muscles, connective tissues, fat, water, bones, skin, nerves and blood vessels.
Fat. All meat contains some degree of fat in and around the cells, between and over the muscles. Fat generally can be related to flavour, tenderness, and juiciness, especially when it occurs as "marbling".
Proteins, the principal components of living cells, are very complex substances. Both animal and plant proteins consist of amino acids. Much of the value of the protein food is based on its amino acid content. In general, meat is one of the best sources of high nutritional proteins, essential for life and optimum physiological performance.
Vitamins are certain organic substances found in minute quantities in food, essential to health. There is a little vitamin A in fat. It occurs in liver, the richest food source. Meat is a particularly rich source of all of the В complex vitamins. Minerals or inorganic compounds are necessary in the diet. Most of the essential minerals except calcium are found in the meat. Included are phosphorus, iron, copper, and trace elements.
Water. All meat contains a great deal of water, which is inversely proportional to the fat percentage.
Uses of fats and oils
Many different products, some edible and some inedible, arc made from fats and oils.
Edible Products. Some products are simply the extracted and purified fat or oil. Lard, salad oil, and cooking oil are examples. Mayonnaise and salad dressings are mixtures of oils with spices and other foods. Butter is prepared from cream. by churning. Margarine is made from vegetable oils that has been hydrogenated.
Oils and fats are very important food components. They supply more than twice as much energy as the same amounts of other foods, such as proteins or carbohydrates. In addition, some oils and fats are sources of vitamins needed for good health and proper growth. Cod-liver oil, for example, is an excellent source of vitamins A and D. In recent years a great deal of attention has been given to the effects of different types of fats in the diet. Some doctors believe that there may be a connection between fats
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