History and Social Science. Учебное пособие

3. Choose the correct answer.

1) She has to get her hair ____.

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INTERACTIVE II. PROJECT

Choose one of the following topics, do your project, prepare a presentation, and present it in front of your groupmates.

1)The greatest event in the history of Russia. Think about the most significant historical event, find the information about it and illustrative materials. Then prepare the story about what event it is, when, where and why it happened, who were involved into the situation, what influence this event have on the history of the country and the world.

2)The country we lost. Find the information and prepare an interesting story about some fact, tradition or custom from the history of the USSR. For example, it can be a story about soviet comedies, TV programs, buildings, monuments, long queues, canteens, BAM construction, students construction teams, perfume production, construction of bridges and hydro-electric stations, cosmonautics, and so on. Try to find the rare and most unusual event or fact.

ROLEPLAY

Situation 4. Having meals at a restaurant.

SA: You are a waiter. Be polite and help the customer to make order and be pleased with service.

SB: You are a customer. You want to have dinner at the restaurant not far from your office.

Task. Roleplay the conversation between a customer and a waiter. Ask and answer questions, be polite.

Situation 5. Asking for directions.

SA: You are a tourist. You need to find the theater. Ask the local for directions. SB: You are a local. You meet a tourist who asks you about the way to the theater. Task. Roleplay the conversation between a tourist and a local.

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Situation 6. Dialogue between two friends about favorite films and books.

SA: You are who you are. You’ve met your friend, and you are interested in your friend’s preferences among films and books.

SB: You are who you are. Your friend asks you about films and books you like. Answer your friend’s questions and find out your friend’s preferences.

Task. Roleplay the dialogue and tell each other about your favorites. Ask and answer questions.

ESSAYS

Choose one of the following topics and write an essay.

Writing a description.

1)Describe a person you admire/love/would like to look like. Write about his/her appearance, traits of character and what makes this person special for you.

2)Describe an object you carry in your bag. It can be your mobile phone, wallet, keys, or any other useful thing. Write about its physical properties – colour, size, material, and functions. How often do you use it, why is it important for you, can you live without it.

3)Describe a town or a city you have visited. Write about things you have seen and done. Include the information about the town’s shops and nightlife.

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4)You are a reporter for an international travel magazine. The magazine is publishing a series of articles about castles. Write an article describing a famous castle, including its history and a description of both the exterior and interior.

5)A travel magazine has asked its readers to send in descriptions of annual events in their country. Write an article describing an annual event you have attended, including preparations and events on the actual day.

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SELF-WORK II

Sleep matters

The science of sleep is more than 50 years old, but much remains a mystery. We still don't really know exactly what sleep is for or why we dream, but there are some interesting theories.

Most scientists agree that we have periods of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and non-REM sleep. Although previously scientists believed that all dreaming happened during REM sleep, recent research shows that we have different kinds of dreams, with non-REM dreams being short and dull and REM dreams being long and vivid. Some scientists believe that one function of dreaming is probably to process information and find meaning. There is some experimental evidence that REM sleep promotes creative thinking.

The idea that sleep plays an important role in learning and memory isn’t new. But there is now considerable evidence that REM sleep is strongly connected with learning how to do something, for example how to play an instrument. This contrasts with non-REM sleep, which seems to be connected with spatial memories, for instance learning to find your way around a new city.

How you feel when you wake up depends on what stage of sleep you’re in. If you wake up feeling wide awake and refreshed, you probably woke up during a phase of light sleep. On the other hand, if you wake up feeling groggy, this is probably because you’ve woken up during a deeper phase of sleep, so you’re still half asleep. Fortunately, research shows a short nap of 10–15 minutes could help you catch up but avoid a longer siesta as it could leave you feeling groggy. Some sleep researchers believe that a 10-minute snooze can improve your overall performance and could prevent accidents for overtired drivers and nurses.

Researchers agree we need between about 6 and 8 hours’ sleep a night for good mental and physical health, but studies show about 1 in 10 people have problems sleeping. To avoid insomnia and get a good night’s sleep, it’s important to go to bed at about the same time every night. Avoid watching TV, using a computer or doing exercise shortly before going to bed and make sure you’re neither too hot nor too cold. If you’re worrying about something when you go to bed, there’s no point in telling yourself not to think about it. Instead, think about a pleasant, relaxing scene, which should soon help you to fall asleep.

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1.Read the article and decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F), according to the text. Circle the correct statements and correct those that are false.

1) All dreaming happens during REM sleep.

2) REM sleep might help you think creatively.

3) REM sleep would probably help you to learn to ski. 4) A short nap will leave you feeling groggy.

5) A short sleep could help avoid accidents caused by tiredness. 6) Watching television should help you get to sleep.

2.Complete the sentences with words and expressions connected with sleeping and dreaming. They are in the same order as they appear in the text.

1) Non-REM dreams are short and ________. 2) REM dreams and long and ________.

3) If you woke up feeling ________ awake, you probably woke during a phase of light sleep.

4) If you woke during a deeper phase of sleep, you’re probably still ________

asleep.

5) Research shows a short ________ could help you catch up. 6) Avoid a longer ________.

7)Some researchers believe a 10-minute ________ can improve your performance.

8)To avoid _________, it’s important to go to bed at about the same time every night.

9)Think about a pleasant, relaxing scene, which should help you to _________

asleep.

3. Which words or expressions from exercise 2 have the following meanings?

1)a short sleep, usually during the day _______

2)difficulty sleeping _______

3)boring _______

4)begin to sleep _______

5)completely awake _______

6)having or producing very clear and detailed images ________

7)not fully awake _______

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4. Match the following expressions in the box to the meanings below.

5.Use words and expressions from exercises 3 and 4 to complete the questions. 1) Do you sometimes find it difficult to __________ at night?

2) If you have __________, what do you do to help you get to sleep? 3) Do you have _________ dreams or are they _______ and boring?

4) Do you usually feel ________ and refreshed when you wake, or do you feel _________?

5) Do you enjoy having a short _________ during the day?

6) Do you sometimes __________ at the weekend until 10am or later? 7) If you’re worried about something, it’s a good idea to __________. 8) Do you sometimes __________ while watching TV or on a train?

6.Can you find and correct the common mistakes speakers make?

1)I haven’t money since I lost my job.

2)I’ve been learning English since two years.

3)I’m boring when I have nothing to do.

4)I lived in Japan during three years.

5)I’m agree with you.

6)I’m going to the shops for to buy some food.

7)He said me that he was tired.

8)I don’t used to go to the gym any more.

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MODULE III

PEDAGOGICS

Warming-up questions. Read the questions and give the detailed answers.

1)What was your school like? Describe it in a few sentences.

2)What subjects were you good/bad at when you were a schoolchild?

3)What subjects did you like/dislike? Why?

4)Who was your favorite teacher? Why?

5)What subjects do you think are important and what are not interesting or necessary? Give your reasons.

Text 1.

Pedagogics

Pedagogy, literally translated, is the art or science of teaching children. In modern day usage, it is a synonym for “teaching” or “education”.

From the very beginning, educators have tried to find interesting ways to bring out the possibilities of intelligence and a love of learning from their pupils. In ancient Greece, philosophy helped questions of educational methods enter national discourse. In both Republic and Dialogues, Plato advocated a system of instruction using the Socratic method of teaching through questions. Through the clever use of questions and answers, Plato's teacher, Socrates, was able to show even an uneducated slave boy how the logic leading to the Pythagorean Theorem was within him.

During the mid-1600s in what is now the Czech Republic, the educator Comenius wrote the first children's textbook containing vivid illustrations, entitled The Visible World in Pictures. Known as the “Father of Modern Education”, Comenius believed in a holistic approach to education. He taught that education began in the earliest days of childhood and continued throughout life, and that learning, spiritual, and emotional growth were all woven together. Unlike most of society at the time, he also advocated the formal education of women. Well respected throughout northern Europe, he was asked to restructure the Swedish school system.

During the 1700s, the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau presented his methodology on the education of children in his novel Emile, the story of the

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education of a young boy. Within his novel, Rousseau described the importance of having a focus on both environment and personal experience. Different learning stages are described: for example, during the “the age of nature” (from ages 2 to 12), Rousseau argued that a boy should receive no moral instruction or verbal learning, as the mind should be “left undisturbed until its faculties have developed”. Instead, education during this stage should be focused on physical and sensory development. Books are eschewed during Emile's education, with the exception of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, a novel that reinforced Rousseau's ideal of the solitary, self-sufficient man.

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, a Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer, greatly influenced the development of the educational system in Europe and America. His educational method emphasized the importance of providing a loving, family-type environment in which the child can grow and flourish naturally, balancing their intellectual, physical, and technical abilities, with emotional, moral, ethical, and religious growth. Pestalozzi asserted that education should be centered on the child, not the curriculum. Since knowledge lies within human beings, the purpose of teaching is to find the way to unfold that hidden knowledge. Pestalozzi proposed direct experience as the best method to accomplish this, advocating spontaneity and self-activity, in contrast to the rigid, teacher-centered, and curriculum-based methods generally used in schools. He advocated an inductive method, in which the child first learns to observe, to correct its own mistakes, and to analyze and describe the object of inquiry. In order to allow children to obtain more experience from nature, Pestalozzi expanded the elementary school curriculum to include geography, natural science, fine art, and music.

Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel, a German educator, also made substantial advances in children's education, particularly the invention of the kindergarten system for young children. His own difficulties as a child, his love of nature, and his faith in God, combined with his experiences with Pestalozzi's educational system, were the foundation for his insights into the education of very young children. He recognized the importance of play in order to allow their creativity to unfold and blossom. His school included a large room for play, as well as a garden outside for the children to grow flowers and other plants. Thus, he developed the kindergarten – a “garden for children” where they could grow naturally, with support from their parents and teachers.

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A contemporary of Fröbel, Johann Friedrich Herbart, had a very different approach to education. Based on his views of philosophy, which were based on a philosophical realism, and psychology, that all mental phenomena result from the interaction of elementary ideas, Herbart believed that a science of education was possible. Herbart's work and his belief that a science of education was possible led to the establishment and acceptance of pedagogy as an academic discipline studied on the university level.

(Abriged from Pedagogy - New World Encyclopedia)

1. Read the text and answer the questions.

1)What are the synonyms to the word pedagogy?

2)Who made the first attempts to organize teaching in Ancient Greece?

3)Who is called “The father of modern education” and why?

4)What is the essence of holistic approach to education?

5)How did Jean-Jacques Rousseau present his methodology of education?

6)What were the main ideas of Rousseau’s methodology?

7)What ideal did Defoe reinforce?

8)Who was Pestalozzi?

9)What is the essence of Pestalozzi’s method?

10)What were the main ideas of Herbart’s method?

2. Ask as many different types of questions as possible to the following sentences based on the text.

1)Comenius was respected throughout Europe.

2)The novel Emile is the story of the education of a young boy.

3)Comenius advocated the formal education of women.

4)Experience is the best method to unfold the hidden knowledge.

5)A German educator invented the kindergarten system for young children.

6)He recognized the importance of play in order to allow children’s creativity to unfold and blossom.

7)His views of philosophy were based on a philosophical realism and psychology.

8)The elementary school curriculum includes geography, natural science, fine arts, and music.

9)The word pedagogue derives from two words.

10)The purpose of teaching is to find the way to unfold hidden knowledge.

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