History and Social Science. Учебное пособие

5. Look at the groups of words, say what part of speech they are? Translate them into Russian. Try to explain their meaning and make as many your own sentences with them as you can.

6. Read the text and find the Russian and English equivalents for the following words and phrases.

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Let’s discuss!

These are the cases for you to organize the discussions or conferences. Use any sources to find the information and think over the answers, then prepare small talks for each question and present them before your groupmates.

1)What, in your opinion, is the most important social problem in the world? Do you have any ideas, how to solve these problems? Do you know anything about measures the governments of different countries take to solve the problems?

2)What social programs work in our country? What do you think about these programs? Have you ever participated in any of these programs?

3)What do you think about social surveys? Are they reliable? Do you know the procedure of conduct of the social surveys? What are the reasons for conduct such surveys? Have you ever taken part in any social surveys? What were they?

4)What type of society do you find ideal or at least very good? Can you describe the characteristics of an ideal society? What are the “traditional values”? How do you understand this term? What are the eternal virtues and traditions? Are they the same or different for different countries?

5)What forms of governments or states do you know? Can you define them? What are the advantages and disadvantages of them? Which of the forms of state is ideal? Why?

Text 2.

Branches of Social Studies

1. Anthropology: Ever wondered why we are the way we are? That’s exactly what anthropologists dig into! Think of them as detectives of humanity, piecing together our story from ancient bones to modern-day TikTok dances. They’re like time travelers who study everything from why we started walking upright to why we can’t stop checking our phones at dinner. It’s fascinating stuff

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–they’re basically professional people-watchers who help us understand our own quirks and cultures.

2.Communication Studies: You know that feeling when you send a text, and someone completely misunderstands it? That’s exactly what communication scholars study! They’re like the CSI team of conversations, analyzing everything from why your emoji choice matters to how Netflix shows influence our daily chats. They investigate why some people can command a room with just a few words while others struggle to order coffee without stuttering.

3.Economics: Think of economics as the science of choices in a world where we can’t have everything we want. It’s like being the manager of a massive household budget, but for entire countries! Why can some people afford yachts while others struggle with rent? Why does your coffee cost $5 at one place and $2 at another? Economists are like financial detectives, solving the mysteries of money and markets.

4.Education: It’s way more than just teaching ABCs and 123s! Education experts are like gardeners of the mind, figuring out how to help different types of learners bloom. They study why some teaching methods work like magic for one student but fall flat for another. These folks are the architects of learning, designing the blueprints for how we’ll educate future generations.

5.Geography: Imagine being a storyteller who explains why everything is where it is! Geographers are like Earth’s biographers, telling tales of how mountains formed, why cities grew where they did, and how climate shapes our lives. They’re the ones who can explain why your hometown looks the way it does and why certain places become tourist hotspots while others don’t.

6.History: Think of historians as time-traveling journalists, piecing together humanity’s greatest (and worst) hits. They’re not just memorizing dates

–they’re solving mysteries from the past! Whether it’s figuring out why ancient civilizations collapsed or how a tweet started a revolution, historians help us understand our present by decoding our past.

7.Law: Law isn’t just about dusty old books and courtroom drama. It’s the ultimate rulebook for human society – think of it as the operating system for civilization! Legal scholars are like society’s referees, studying how to keep things fair and functional. They investigate everything from why you can’t park in certain spots to how international treaties keep countries from fighting.

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8.Linguistics: Ever wondered why we say “cool” when we mean “awesome” or how babies learn to talk? Linguists are like language detectives, uncovering the secrets behind how we communicate. They study everything from why teenagers create new slang to how ancient languages evolved. It’s like being a codebreaker for human speech!

9.Political Science: It’s like studying a never-ending game of chess where the pieces are countries, leaders, and power dynamics. Political scientists are the sports analysts of the political world, breaking down why leaders make certain moves and how those decisions affect everyone else. They study everything from why your local council made that annoying parking rule to why countries go to war.

10.Psychology: These are the detectives of the mind, exploring why we do what we do – even when we don’t know why we’re doing it! They investigate everything from why we can’t resist checking our phones to why we fall in love with certain people. Think of psychologists as mind readers who use science instead of crystal balls.

11.Sociology: Sociologists are like social weather people, studying the patterns of human behavior in groups. They look at why certain trends go viral, why some neighborhoods thrive while others struggle, and how social media is changing our relationships. They’re the ones who can explain why your grandparents view the world differently than you do and why certain fashion

trends keep coming back!

(Abridged from Social Studies: Know Everything about It!)

1. What branch of social studies does the following:

1)It studies rules and regulations for the society.

2)It studies misunderstandings existing between people.

3)It studies who people are.

4)It studies mysteries from the past.

5)It helps you to be good at planning your budget.

6)It studies people’s conduct and relations in groups.

7)It knows everything about mountains, cities, and climates.

8)It studies teaching methods as well.

9)It studies reasons for our deeds and emotions.

10)It studies the secrets of communication between people.

11)It studies relations between countries.

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2.Who are the different types of scientists compared to. Match the scientists with the comparisons. Translate the sentences into Russian. Why do you think these scientists are compared with these professions. Do you agree with these comparisons?

1) …… are gardeners of mind.

2) …… are time-traveling journalists.

3) …… are mind readers.

4) …… are time travelers.

5) …… are language detectives.

6) …… are CSI team.

7) …… are Earth’s biographers.

8) …… are managers of a massive household budget.

9) …… are social weather people.

10) …… are the sports analysts of the political world. 11) …… are society referees.

3.Give Russian and English equivalents to the following words and phrases.

Let’s discuss!

These are the cases for you to organize the discussions or conferences. Use any sources to find the information and think over the answers, then prepare small talks for each question and present them before your groupmates.

1) What problems in learning English do you know? What activities are the most difficult for you – speaking, listening, writing, reading? What activity you like doing? What can you do to improve your English? How do you learn new vocabulary?

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2)What sciences do you think are the most important? Is it possible to say so about sciences and disciplines? What is more useful – theory or practice? Is it possible to pay attention to both of them?

3)What disciplines do you study at your institute? Do you deal with all the branches of social studies given above? Do you really think they are important for your future specialty? Are you going to work by profession in the future? Why? Why not?

4)What scientists do you know? What are they famous for? Can any person become a scientist? What do you think about the well-known phrase “Genius and villainy incompatible”? Do you agree? Why? Why not?

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GRAMMAR REVISION I

Articles

1. Read these texts and decide what article is the best for each of the points (a, the, no article). Try to explain why you want to put the article.

Part 1

One day, (1) ___ king was riding home alone after hunting in (2) ___ forest. His men had gone ahead while he took (3) ___ longer road. His pet hawk had left his wrist and probably flown home too. (4) ___ day (5) ___ hot and (6) ___ king felt thirsty. He knew there was (7) ___ small river nearby. After searching for some time, he finally saw some water trickling down (8) ___ edge of (9) ___ rock. (10) ___ king took out (11) ___ small cup and held it under (12) ___ drops of water. He waited until (13) ___ cup was full. It took (14) ___ long time.

Just as (15) ___ king was about to drink, there was (16) ___ sound and (17)

___ cup was knocked from his hand. (18) ___ king looked up and saw his pet hawk. (19) ___ king filled (20) ___ cup again and tried to drink. (21) ___ cup was knocked out of his hands again. This happened three times.

(22) ___ king became very angry. He drew out his sword. When (23) ___

bird tried to knock (24) ___ cup again, (25) ___ king killed it. (26) ___ king decided to go to (27) ___ source of (28) ___ water to have (29) ___ drink. When he arrived there, he saw (30) ___ huge, dead snake in (31) ___ pool of water. It was very poisonous. (32) ___ king realised that his pet had saved his life. From that day onwards, (33) ___ king learnt never to do anything in anger.

Part 2

One day, (1) ___ king, disguised himself as (2) ___ ordinary traveller and travelled through his country. When he was near (3) ___ town of Bassora, he saw

(4) ___ beggar. (5) ___ king gave him some money and asked him where he wanted to go. (6) ___ beggar said that he wanted to go to Bassora. (7) ___ king offered him (8) ___ lift.

Once they reached in Bassora, (9) ___ beggar told him to get off. (10) ___

beggar said that in Bassora they were both strangers, so (11) ___ king could not prove that (12) ___ horse belonged to him. (13) ___ king was upset and decided to see (14) ___ judge.

(15) ___ king told (48) ___ judge what had happened. Then, (16) ___ judge questioned (17) ___ beggar. (18) ___ beggar replied that it was his horse. (19) ___

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judge then told them to leave (20) ___ horse with him and return (21) ___ next morning.

(22)___ next morning, (23) ___ king and (24) ___ beggar went to (25) ___

courtroom. (26) ___ judge scolded (27) ___ beggar for being ungrateful. He then threw (28) ___ beggar into prison. (29) ___ judge returned (30) ___ horse to (31)

___ king. (32) ___ king asked him how he knew (33) ___ horse belonged to him.

(34)___ judge told him that (35) ___ night before, he had placed (36) ___ horse in (37) ___ stable that both of them would pass while on their way to court. (38)

___ judge then went to (39) ___ stable in (40) ___ morning and watched (41) ___

horse. When (42) ___ beggar passed, (43) ___ horse never looked up. But when

(44)___ king passed, (45) ___ horse lifted his head and neighed as horses do only when their master comes.

(46)___ king praised (47) ___ judge and told him who he really was. He then asked (48) ___ judge to work for him as (49) ___ Grand Judge. (50) ___

judge was very happy.

2. Complete the following sentences with a, an, the, or zero article if no article is needed.

1)___ river which flows through ___ London is called ___ Thames.

2)___ number of ___ Europeans who visit ___ Thailand every year is very large.

3)Tom didn't want to wear ___ shirt that his mother had bought him for ___

Christmas.

4)___ Ljubljana is one of ___ most beautiful cities in ___ Central Europe.

5)If I had all ___ time in ___ world, I'd build ___ boat and sail to ___ Fiji.

6)___ store where I bought ___ book that I sent to Tom is on ___ Park Street.

7)There's ___ crazy man with ___ carton of ___ orange juice at ___ mall.

8)I was ___ plumber before I became ___ teacher.

9)___ foxes, ___ squirrels, ___ hedgehogs, and many other small animals live in this forest.

10)Don't underestimate ___ incredible power of ___ simple smile and ___ kind word.

11)I usually eat ___ lunch with Tom two or three times ___ week.

12)___ hydrotherapy is ___ use of ___ water to relieve ___ pain and cure ___

illnesses.

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3. Read the sentences and choose the correct article, then translate the sentences into Russian.

1)A/the/– Hawaii is often referred to as “a/the/– Pearl of a/the/– Pacific.”

2)A/the/– Mount Kilimanjaro is a/the/– dormant volcano located in a/the/– Tanzania.

3)He made up his mind to study a/the/– medicine at a/the/– university.

4)A/the/– three big monotheistic religions are a/the/– Christianity, a/the/– Islam and a/the/– Judaism.

5)In a/the/– upcoming week I have to go to a/the/– doctor to have my sick leave extended.

6)Tom practiced a/the/– piano every day when he was in a/the/– high school.

7)Tom should've given Mary a/the/– flowers or something on a/the/– Valentine's Day.

8)A/the/– Sargasso Sea, located entirely within a/the/– Atlantic Ocean, is a/the/– only sea without a/the/– land boundary.

9)I think I like eating a/the/– white rice better than a/the/– brown rice.

10)Tom learned how to play a/the/– golf while he was living in a/the/– Australia.

Phrasal verbs

1. There are the sentences with the phrasal verbs. Your task is to match the verbs in bold with the definitions. First try to guess the meaning of the phrasal verbs if you can. Pay attention that some of the definitions can be the phrasal verbs too. Always use the dictionary to check meaning and usage of the verbs. Translate all the sentences into Russian.

A) unsplittable phrasal verbs – the object cannot be put between the verb and preposition

B) splittable phrasal verbs – the object can be put between the verb and preposition or after preposition. If the object consists of a few words, it goes only after the preposition. If the object is a pronoun, e.g. me, it, him, it is better to put them between the verb and the preposition.