History and Social Science. Учебное пособие

is at peace, by looking back at previous events. History provides us with the data that is used to create laws, or theories about various aspects of society.

History can help provide us with a sense of identity. Historians have been able to learn about how countries, families, and groups were formed, and how they evolved and developed over time. When an individual takes it upon themselves to dive deep into their own family’s history, they can understand how their family interacted with larger historical change.

History helps us to understand present-day issues by asking deeper questions as to why things are the way they are.

If we want to truly understand why something happened – in any area or field, such as one political party winning the last election vs the other, or a major change in the number of smokers – you need to look for factors that took place earlier. Only through the study of history can people really see and grasp the reasons behind these changes, and only through history can we understand what elements of an institution, or a society continue regardless of continual change.

Delving into history provides clear lessons that inform present-day actions and decisions. We can identify enduring principles and cautionary tales relevant to contemporary issues by studying past events.

1. Political Intelligence

History can help us become better informed citizens. It shows us who we are as a collective group, and being informed of this is a key element in maintaining a democratic society. This knowledge helps people take an active role in the political forum through educated debates and by refining people’s core beliefs. Through knowledge of history, citizens can even change their old belief systems.

2. History Teaches Morals And Values

By looking at specific stories of individuals and situations, you can test your own morals and values. You can compare it to some real and difficult situations individuals have had to face in trying times. Looking to people who have faced and overcome adversity can be inspiring. You can study the great people of history who successfully worked through moral dilemmas, and also ordinary people who teach us lessons in courage, persistence, and protest.

3. Builds Better Citizenship

The study of history is a non-negotiable aspect of better citizenship. This is one of the main reasons why it is taught as a part of school curricular. People that

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push for citizenship history (relationship between a citizen and the state) just want to promote a strong national identity and even national loyalty through the teaching of lessons of individual and collective success.

4. Learn From The Past And Notice Clear Warning Signs

We learn from past atrocities against groups of people, genocides, wars, and attacks. Through this collective suffering, we have learned to pay attention to the warning signs leading up to such atrocities. Society has been able to take these warning signs and fight against them when they see them in the present day. Knowing what events led up to these various wars helps us better influence our future.

5. Gaining A Career Through History

The skills that are acquired through learning about history, such as critical thinking, research, assessing information, etc., are all useful skills that are sought by employers. Many employers see these skills as being an asset in their employees and will hire those with history degrees in various roles and industries.

6. Personal Growth And Appreciation

Understanding past events and how they impact the world today can bring about empathy and understanding for groups of people whose history may be different from the mainstream. You will also understand the suffering, joy, and chaos that were necessary for the present day to happen and appreciate all that you are able to benefit from past efforts today.

Engaging with history hones your critical thinking, research, and analytical skills, which are essential for interpreting complex information. Writing about historical events helps you communicate effectively and build strong arguments.

(Abridged from How History Can Benefit Your Future and Why Is It Important?)

1. Read the text above and answer the questions.

1)What Is History?

2)Why is it important to study History?

3)What does understanding and studying history enhance?

4)What does history help us to see?

5)What does history give us?

6)What does history allow us?

7)What does history provide us with?

8)How can history help us to acquire a sense of identity?

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9)How can history help us to understand present day issues?

10)What should you do if you want to understand why something happen?

2.Can you finish the following sentences. Then translate them into Russian. 1) History is the knowledge of ……

2) History is important to study ……

3) Understanding and studying history enhances ……

4) History gives ……

5) Studying history allows ……

6) History can help ……

7) History helps ……

8) History teaches ……

9) History provides ……

10) History impact on ……

3.Find in the text Russian and English equivalents to the following words and phrases. Choose five of the words or phrases and use them make your own sentences.

Let’s discuss!

These are the cases for you to organize the discussions or conferences. Use any sources to find the information and think over the answers, then prepare small talks for each question and present them before your groupmates.

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1)What famous historical people do you know? What contribution did they make in the world history? Do you think that a person can change the course of history?

2)What historians do you know? Who is considered as “the father of history”? Why is he named so? What Russian historians do you know? Have you ever read any historical books? What are they? Did you like them? Why? Why not?

3)What period of history are you interested in? What events fill in the history of many countries? Why do you think there are so many wars, revolts, revolutions and strikes in the history of mankind?

4)Discuss World War II and its importance for the world. Who were involved into this war? Who was the winner? How long did it last? What were the causes for this war to start?

5)What event or events in history amazed or impressed you most of all? Why? Who were involved into this situation? What impact on history this event has?

Text 2.

Historiography

Historiography is the writing of history, especially the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from the authentic materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of critical examination. The term historiography also refers to the theory and history of historical writing.

Modern historians aim to reconstruct a record of human activities and to achieve a more profound understanding of them. This conception of their task is quite recent, dating from the development in the late 18th and early 19th centuries of “scientific” history and the simultaneous rise of history as an academic profession. Before the late 18th century, historiography did not stand at the centre of any civilization. History was almost never an important part of regular education, and it never claimed to provide an interpretation of human life as a whole. This larger ambition was more appropriate to religion, philosophy, and perhaps poetry and other imaginative literature.

History of historiography

All human cultures tell stories about the past. Deeds of ancestors, heroes, gods, or animals sacred to particular peoples were chanted and memorized long before there was any writing with which to record them. Their truth was authenticated by the very fact of their continued repetition.

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While sharing a common ancestry with myth, legend, epic poetry, and the novel, history has of course diverged from these forms. Its claim to truth is based in part on the fact that all the persons or events it describes really existed or occurred at some time in the past. Historians can say nothing about these persons or events that cannot be supported, or at least suggested, by some kind of documentary evidence. Such evidence customarily takes the form of something written, such as a letter, a law, an administrative record, or the account of some previous historian. In addition, historians sometimes create their own evidence by interviewing people. In the 20th century the scope of historical evidence was greatly expanded to include, among many other things, aerial photographs, the rings of trees, old coins, clothes, motion pictures, and houses. Modern historians have determined the age of the Shroud of Turin, which purportedly bears the image of Jesus, through carbon-14 dating and have discredited the claim of Anna Anderson to be the grand duchess Anastasia, the daughter of Tsar Nicholas II, through DNA testing.

Just as the methods at the disposal of historians have expanded, so have the subjects in they have become interested. Many of the indigenous peoples of Africa, the Americas, and Polynesia, for example, were long dismissed by Europeans as having no precolonial history, because they did not keep written records before the arrival of European explorers. However, sophisticated study of oral traditions, combined with advances in archaeology, has made it possible to discover a good deal about the civilizations and empires that flourished in these regions before European contact.

Historians have also studied new social classes. The earliest histories were mostly stories of disasters – floods, famines, and plagues – or of wars, including the statesmen and generals who figured in them. In the 20th century, however, historians shifted their focus from statesmen and generals to ordinary workers and soldiers.

(Abridged from Historiography | Definition, History, Branches, & Methodology | Britannica)

1. Read the text and answer the questions.

1)What is historiography?

2)How does historiography differ from history itself?

3)What methods are used in historiography?

4)When did historiography start as a science?

5)What unites all human cultures of the world?

6)What are the written types of evidence?

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7)What other types of historical evidence were added in the 20th century?

8)How do historians evaluate the reliability of historical sources?

2. Find in the text the Russian and the English equivalents to the following words and phrases.

3. Can you explain or even define the following words.

Myth, legend, epic poetry, novel, heroes, gods, coins, flood, famine, plague

Let’s discuss!

These are the cases for you to organize the discussions or conferences. Use any sources to find the information and think over the answers, then prepare small talks for each question and present them before your groupmates.

1)What legends and myth do you know? Can you discuss the plot and heroes of them? What moral are hidden behind these legends and myth? Why did people create legends and myths? Do you think they are reliable? Can we use them as historical sources?

2)What is your favorite fairy-tale? Why? What types of fairy-tales can you think of? What heroes do you like most of all? Why? Did you like to read fairy-tales yourself or you liked to be read?

3)What is your favorite animated film or cartoon? Why? Who is the best character from your point of view? Why do you think people like to watch cartoons?

4)Do you like poetry? What is your favorite poem? Who is your favorite poet? Why? Have you ever written poems? Have you ever written stories? Do you have good imagination?

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GRAMMAR REVISION II

Passive Voice

1. Rewrite the sentences using the passive voice.

1)Someone has prepared a meal for you.

2)We must sell all these goods.

3)Mike drives his car very badly.

4)The police were questioning the man.

5)People say English is easy to learn.

6)They will give me a prize if I learn this.

7)They are looking for an easier way to learn English.

8)A wasp has bitten me.

9)Mr Nicolson will translate his new book into English.

10)A hat shades his eyes.

2.Rewrite the sentences using the active voice. 1) Your letter can’t have been lost in the post. 2) I was asked to make a speech.

3) Your wallet has been found.

4) Their children are being sent abroad.

5) I was told to wait for him.

6) I have been worried all through the week.

7) Dinner is being cooked by father tonight.

8) A speech will be made by the Prime Minister this afternoon. 9) Buildings have to be designed by architects.

10) The frightened child was soothed by his mother.

3.Complete the sentences with the correct Active or Passive forms of the verbs. 1) A policeman ______the telephone. (use/Past Continuous)

2) I found out that the parcel _____ to the wrong address. (send/Past Perfect) 3) A group of small boys _____ to feed the monkeys. (go/Present Continuous) 4) A greengrocer sells potatoes, but he doesn’t sell drinks. (sell/Present Simple) 5) The half-eaten mouse ______ the cat on the doorstep. (lay/Past Simple)

6) The house _____ beautifully. (decorate/Present Perfect)

7) He is sprinkling pepper all over your meal. (sprinkle/Present Continuous) 8) You should _____ the stove yesterday. (clean/should+Present Perfect)

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9)The gardener _____ the lawn. (mow/Future Simple)

10)Mistakes ______ before. (make/Present Perfect)

4. Causative forms:

Impersonal Passive Voice (people say ...)

Infinitives: to do, to be doing, to be done, etc

Example:

a)People say that Mr President is in China. Mr President is said to be in China.

b)People thought that the cat was sleeping under the coffee table. The tiger was thought to be sleeping under the coffee table.

A)

1) People say that she doesn’t tell the truth. She ……

2) People think that we aren’t busy today. We ......

3) People believe that this house must be painted. This house ......

4) People say that I am looking for a job. I .......

5) People think that you can’t answer the question. You ......

6) People consider that the President doesn’t want to be re-elected. The President ......

7) People say that she has got a large family. She ......

8) People know that the Scots wear kilts. The Scots ……

9) People believe that Tom spends holidays abroad. Tom ......

10) People said that I didn’t warn him. I ......

B)

1)People thought that Agnes wasn’t old enough to go to the disco. Agnes ......

2)People believed that John was murdered last week. John ......

3)People said that you couldn’t hear the car crash. You ......

4)People said that Eric didn’t remember his wedding. Eric .......

5)People thought that The Nelsons family didn’t sell their house. The Nelsons family......

6)People considered that I had to enjoy his company. I ......

7)People said that the weather was awful. The weather .......

8)People thought that Mrs Hanks knew a lot about the art. Mrs Hanks ......

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9)People believed that several nurses were looking after a patient. Several ......

10)People thought that a bank clerk was offered better payment terms. A bank clerk ......

5. Causative forms 2:

Infinitives: to have been, to have worked, to have been swimming, to have been asked, etc

Example:

a)People say that he scored two goals. He is said to have scored two goals.

b)People thought that she had worked in the bank. She was thought to have worked in the bank.

A)

1) Everybody knows that the rebellion was carefully planned. The rebellion ......

2) People say that Tony was punished for missing classes. Tony ......

3) People say that the teacher made me read my homework aloud. I ......

4) People think that he was too short to play basketball. He ......

5) People think that she was warned against the hurricane. She ......

6) People believe that my neighbours studied the Bible. My neighbours ……. 7) People say that we had a burglar alarm installed in our firm. We ......

8) People say that we were going to study archaeology. We ......

9) People think that you required more time to solve the test. You ......

10) People say that we were visiting the Royal Palace. We......

B)

1)The witness said that the ship had sunk in less than thirty minutes. The ship ......

2)People said that my uncle had never spoken to a member of parliament. My uncle ......

3)People believed that he had committed the crime by himself. He ......

4)People said that the hurricane had damaged almost the whole town. The hurricane ......

5)People said that he had revealed the truth He ......

6)People believed that the judge hadn’t taken a bribe. The judge ......

7)People said that the door hadn’t been locked. The door ......

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8)People considered that I hadn’t known about her engagement. I ......

9)People thought that George hadn’t heard about our appointment. George ......

10)People said that my parents had never shouted at me. My parents ......

Causative form: Have something done

1.Complete the sentences using the correct form of “to have something done”. 1) Anne ______ her hair ______ every Friday afternoon. (do)

2) ______ you ______ your car ______ regularly? (service)

3) Our neighbours ______ a new garage ______ at the moment (build) 4) I _____ my hard drive _____ for a bigger one last week. (change) 5) When did you last ______ the air conditioning ______? (service)

6) The surgeon ______ the operating theatre ______ this morning. (disinfect) 7) _____ Rosemary _____ a new kitchen _______ in the new house? (install) 8) Where ______ you ______ your hair ______? (cut)

9) Have you _____ that photo I bought you ______ yet? (frame) 10) Janet ______ the room ______ next month. (decorate)

11) We ______ the office _____ every evening. (clean)

12) They ______ their books ______ in Paris. (print)

2.Rewrite the following sentences in the causative form, as in the example. Example: Olivia’s brother will send letters for her at the post office.

Olivia will have her letters sent at the post office. 1) Holly is going to ask the seamstress to sew her dress.

2) Someone has tidied the garden for Adam.

3) When will they fix his smartphone?

4) Harry pays someone to clean the windows every week. 5) Alan should ask someone to deliver the parcel.

6) When will you service your car?

7) Someone has shortened Karen’s dress.

8) Can you tell someone to move those boxes? 9) Emily is going to cut her hair next week.

10) Anna is going to ask the travel agent to book the tickets. 11) When will they deliver Mary’s bed?

12) Mrs Smithson has asked her neighbor to pay bills for her.

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