History and Social Science. Учебное пособие

Situation 12. Calling the police.

SA: You are a caller. You have one of the following problems: you saw a suspicious man, somebody has stolen your possessions, you witnessed the fighting or a car accident, or you are looking for a missing person.

SB: You are a dispatcher of the police. A citizen is calling because he\she faced a crime or offence. Find out the details of the accident and decide how to help the caller. Task. Roleplay the telephone conversation and ask and answer questions.

1)You have a group discussion about the following statement “Fast food is a good alternative to cooking for yourself”. Now your teacher has asked you to write an essay expressing your opinion and giving your reasons for your point of view.

2)Give your opinion on the following statement “Maths and Physics are more important subjects than English and Literature”. Give your reasons to support your views.

3)What, in your opinion, is the most important discovery in the world?

4)Why, in your opinion, it is important to learn foreign languages?

5)What, in your opinion, is the most serious problem in the world today? What can people do about it?

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SELF-WORK IV

Chocolate for all occasions!

Chocolate is a very popular gift around the world for many different occasions. Why is chocolate so popular and where does it come from originally? Chocolate, which is made from cocoa beans, was a spicy drink before becoming a food. The first people to drink it were the people of Central America and Mexico thousands of years ago.

The Aztecs used the drink as part of their religious ceremonies and people say the Aztec Emperor Montezuma drank fifty cups of chocolate each day! They also used cocoa beans as a form of currency. For example, you could buy a rabbit for 10 cocoa beans and a slave for 100.

Spanish explorers brought cocoa beans to Europe in the 16th century, but only rich people could drink chocolate because it was expensive to import the cocoa beans and sugar. People didn’t start to eat chocolate until about 150 years ago.

Nowadays chocolate isn’t only for rich people, but for everyone. Europeans are the biggest consumers of chocolate, and they mostly eat chocolate between 8.00 pm and midnight. Too much chocolate is unhealthy because it contains a lot of sugar and fat, but some scientists say eating small amounts of chocolate can be good for you. Studies suggest that eating a little dark chocolate once or twice a week can help prevent heart disease and lower your blood pressure. Dark chocolate is better for you than milk chocolate because it contains more cocoa.

You can eat or drink chocolate, but you could also use it to run your car! In 2007 a team of British people drove a special truck 4,500 miles from the UK across the Sahara Desert to Timbuktu in Mali, West Africa and their truck ran on fuel made from waste chocolate!

The best news for a chocoholic is that every year a chocolate company in the United States has a competition and the prize is a chocolate hotel room! Yes, almost everything in the room is made of chocolate: the walls are covered in chocolate, the pictures on the wall are made of multicolored chocolate pieces and even the furniture is partly covered in chocolate. The lucky winner can eat as much chocolate as they like!

Chocolate contains a chemical which your body produces naturally when you fall in love, so it’s not surprising that chocolate is a popular romantic gift in many parts of the world.

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1.Read the article and decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F). Circle the correct statements and correct those that are false.

1) People ate chocolate before it became a drink.

2) Everyone started to drink chocolate in Europe in the 16th century. 3) People eat chocolate more in the evening.

4) Eating a little milk chocolate can be good for you.

5) Some British people used fuel made from chocolate for their vehicle. 6) In the chocolate hotel room everything is made of chocolate.

2.Match the meanings below to the following words from the text.

1)with a strong hot taste (adj) ________

2)formal public events with special traditions, actions, or words (noun) _______

3)money people use in a country (noun) ________

4)people who travel to places that other people do not know much about to learn more about the places (noun) ________

5)people who buy and use goods and services (noun) ________

6)something like oil or wood that produces power when you burn it (noun)

_________

7)people who love chocolate, and eat a lot of it (noun) ________

8)with several different colours (adj) ________

3. Complete the sentences with one word from exercise 2 above.

1)A team of British people used chocolate as __________ for their truck.

2)Chocolate was used in some religious __________.

3)The first chocolate drink wasn’t sweet, it was __________.

4)Europeans are the biggest __________ of chocolate.

5)__________ would probably like to win the prize of a chocolate hotel room.

6)Spanish __________ brought cocoa beans to Europe.

7)The pictures in the chocolate hotel room are made of __________ chocolate pieces.

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4. Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions.

1)Aztecs used the drink as part _______ their religious ceremonies.

2)Nowadays, chocolate isn’t only _______ rich people.

3)Eating small amounts _______ dark chocolate can be good for you.

4)Dark chocolate is better _______ you than milk chocolate.

5)Their truck ran _______ fuel made from waste chocolate.

6)The walls are covered _______ chocolate.

5. Can you find and correct the common mistakes speakers make?

1)I born in Buenos Aires twenty years ago.

2)Yes, I like very much.

3)More persons came than we expected.

4)Susan works very hardly. She is a workaholic.

5)He is in Canada since April.

6)I’m sorry. In this moment I am very busy.

7)She must to do it now.

8)In my opinion, depends of the person.

9)They want that I go there.

10)I like reading too much. It’s my favourite hobby.

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MODULE V

LAW

Warming-up questions.

1)Have you every deal with police? What was the problem?

2)What famous criminals do you know? What crimes did they commit?

3)Do you like reading detective stories? What is your favorite story?

4)What famous private detectives do you know? Who of them do you like most of all?

5)Why do you think it is important to study law?

6)Have you ever read the Constitution?

TEXT I.

Why Study Law?

Studying law offers the opportunity to develop a range of skills and explore many aspects of human life. It gives you the chance to sharpen your mind, strengthen your understanding and deepen your experience across the full range of humanities and social sciences. You acquire both breadth of understanding and depth in the areas that interest you most.

Law should therefore appeal to those who want to develop both abstract thinking and practical problem-solving. It’s easy to see why you don’t have to become a lawyer just because you’ve done a law degree; many choose other paths. A law degree can give you the skills to be a successful lawyer but also a successful producer, politician, manager, journalist, diplomat, or police officer; a law degree equips you for almost any profession that requires intellectual strength combined with a practical approach to the world.

Here are just five advantages of reading law at university:

1. Law students acquire both breadth and depth of legal knowledge

Those reading law typically cover 14 subjects in their degree, whereas students taking a law conversion course normally study only seven core subjects, and those preparing for the Solicitors Qualifying Examination will focus on preparing only “functional legal knowledge” relevant to client-based scenarios. Students who have an undergraduate law degree have the opportunity both to pursue specialized areas of particular interest beyond the core and also to

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appreciate the bigger picture: how the law fits together and how the law relates to other subjects, such as politics, economics, history, criminology, and philosophy. We are often asked what makes a successful lawyer. We offer a variety of answers: the ones you would expect – intelligence, determination, drive, hard work; and one you might not – imagination. Creative arguments are derived from thinking laterally around a problem, and the ability to do that is often related to breadth of legal knowledge. A particular line of reasoning in a case involving commercial contracts might be inspired by something you learned in a labor law seminar 20 years earlier.

2.Law is as complex and multi-faceted as the scope of human endeavor, intellect, and emotion.

The conversion course or SQE preparation course lets you glimpse the delights of the window-climbing burglar dressed only in his socks and the snail in a ginger beer bottle. However, if you only did a conversion course or SQE preparation course you would miss out on learning what Bernard Manning did at a Roundtable dinner and what the supermarket chain Safeways did to the ponytail wearing Mr Smith. The law reaches into every aspect of human life and a threeyear degree plainly offers much a greater opportunity to sample the rich variety of problems and possibilities with which the law engages.

3.Law is more than cramming cases and statutes.

Acquiring the skills of thinking like a lawyer comes with practice – lots of practice. Children take years to acquire the skills of communicating, learning from their parents and others not just the vocabulary but also the grammar, intonation, subtleties, and structures of the language. The same is true for learning law. Law is the language society uses to define relationships, to explain rights and obligations and to regulate interaction between individuals and society as a whole. Robots can be taught the basics, but law students develop an affinity for the subject by being exposed to different writers and arguments, and by exploring the social phenomena and other intellectual disciplines that are implicated in legal problems. In a law degree, you learn to read and interpret the primary sources, put them in context, evaluate them, and make up your own mind. Developing these critical skills and this contextual understanding takes time – more time, we suggest, than is realistically available in a one-year conversion course.

4. A law degree trains students to talk about Law simply and effectively, without the stereotypes of legal language.

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Just as law involves distinctive ways of thinking, it also involves a distinctive vocabulary – a new language. Students learn this language alongside their peers, who are also struggling with its forms and subtleties. They also learn from their teachers, who often use simple vocabulary to explain difficult concepts, preparing law students them to advise clients who will usually not be legally trained. The same goes for writing about law. Writing verbose and unnecessarily complex opinions or other documents might make lawyers feel good about themselves but are of little use to clients; statutes and contracts drafted in such language can create enormous problems. Again, acquiring these skills takes time and exposure to a wide range of speakers and writers – for which a three-year law degree plainly offers much greater scope than a conversion course.

5. Law students acquire skills, not just knowledge.

Many law students participate, for example, in mooting competitions, where they develop skills of oral advocacy, or pro bono societies, where they can give legal advice and support to real people with real problems. Such skills prepare students not only for careers as lawyers but also for diverse careers in policy-related fields, such as government, international organizations, the voluntary sector, and business.

(Abridged from Why Study Law? – Trinity College Cambridge)

1. Read the text and the questions and give detailed questions.

1)In what professions can people be successful being specialists in law?

2)What opportunities does studying law give you?

3)What subjects does the law relate to?

4)What makes a successful lawyer?

5)What does the conversion course give a student?

6)What helps a lawyer acquire the skills of thinking?

7)In what way are law students better than robots?

8)Why is it important for a lawyer to study and use simple vocabulary?

9)How can the ability of writing verbose and complex document bother the lawyer?

10)What do skills students acquire during the course prepare them for?

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2. Look for the Russian and English equivalents in the text.

Let’s discuss!

These are the cases for you to organize the discussions or conferences. Use any sources to find the information and think over the answers, then prepare small talks for each question and present them before your groupmates.

1)Do you know what professions are available for people who are specialist in law? Can you compare law professions in Russia and Great Britain. In what way are the judicial systems are different?

2)What skills and abilities should a good lawyer have? What traits of character should a person have to become a good specialist in law?

3)What types of crimes do you know? What punishment can a person be sentenced for these crimes?

4)Find an interesting criminal story. Don’t tell about the end of the story, ask your groupmates to predict the end and find out the criminal.

TEXT II. Branches of law

Civil law or common law – is a major branch of the law. In common law legal systems such as England and Wales and the United States, the term refers to noncriminal law. The law relating to civil wrongs and quasi-contracts is part of the civil law, as is law of property (other than property-related crimes, such as theft or vandalism). Civil law may, like criminal law, be divided into substantive law

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and procedural law. The rights and duties of persons (natural persons and legal persons) amongst themselves is the primary concern of civil law.

Criminal law – s the body of law that relates to crime. It proscribes conduct perceived as threatening, harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property, health, safety, and moral welfare of people inclusive of one’s self. Most criminal law is established by statute, which is to say that the laws are enacted by a legislature. Criminal law includes the punishment and rehabilitation of people who violate such laws. It varies according to jurisdiction, and differs from civil law, where emphasis is more on dispute resolution and victim compensation, rather than on punishment or rehabilitation. Its procedure is a formalized official activity that authenticates the fact of commission of a crime and authorizes punitive or rehabilitative treatment of the offender.

Employment law. Employment standards are social norms (in some cases also technical standards) for the minimum socially acceptable conditions under which employees or contractors are allowed to work. Government agencies (such as the former US Employment Standards Administration) enforce labor law (legislature, regulatory, or judicial).

Family law. Also called matrimonial law or the law of domestic relations) is an area of the law that deals with family matters and domestic relations.

Subjects that commonly fall under a nation’s body of family law include:

–Marriage, civil unions, and domestic partnerships.

–Adoption: proceedings to adopt a child and, in some cases, an adult.

–Surrogacy: the law and process of giving birth as a surrogate mother.

–Child protective proceedings: court proceedings that may result from state intervention in cases of child abuse and child neglect.

–Juvenile law: Matters relating to minors including status offenses, delinquency, emancipation, and juvenile adjudication.

–Paternity: proceedings to establish and disestablish paternity, and the administration of paternity testing.

Immigration law refers to the national statutes, regulations, and legal precedents governing immigration into and deportation from a country. Strictly speaking, it is distinct from other matters such as naturalization and citizenship, although they are sometimes conflated. Countries frequently maintain laws that regulate both the rights of entry and exit as well as internal rights, such as the duration of stay, freedom of movement, and the right to participate in commerce or government.

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Intellectual property law (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. There are many types of intellectual property, and some countries recognize more than others. The most well-known types are copyrights, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets.

(Abridged from Law Studies and Branches (Fields of Law) - CleverlySMART SavvyCorner)

1.Read the text and the questions and give detailed questions. 1) What terms are used for non-criminal law?

2) What branches can civil law be divided into?

3) What is primary concern of civil law?

4) What does civil law prohibit?

5) What does civil law have more emphasis on?

6) What are employment standards?

7) What problems does family law deal with?

8) What are the subjects that fall under the family law? 9) What internal rights do countries regulate?

10) What are the types of intellectual property?

2.Look for the Russian and English equivalents in the text.

3. These are the branches of law that are mentioned in the text. Can you add the list of branches and explain what matters they deal with?