History and Social Science. Учебное пособие

письма редактору – излагает точку зрения автора на определенную проблему либо способы решения проблемы от автора.

Отчеты – формальный по стилю тип сочинения, который обладает определенным форматом и языковыми особенностями. Доклады можно разделить на две группы – отчет об оценке (обсуждается соответствие человека, места, плана и т. д. определенным целям и условиям) и отчет о предложении (обсуждается предложения или возможные действия).

Прежде чем начать сочинение необходимо внимательно прочитать задание – тему сочинения, чтобы выделить ключевую информацию. Это облегчит вашу задачу и поможет решить, о чем писать. Ключевые слова или фразы указывают на следующие важные пункты:

воображаемая ситуация (the imaginary situation), о которой вы будете писать (вы – корреспондент местной газеты, который пишет статью пожаре в библиотеке прошлой ночью), часто для автора прописывается роль (например, репортер, студент, библиотекарь и т. д.), и сообщается о событиях (пожар случился…).

предполагаемые читатели (the imaginary readers), которые будут читать это сочинение (менеджер компании, редактор, куратор, и т. д.). Это знание поможет вам при выборе стиля вашего сочинения или письма – формальный\неформальный, от этого будет зависеть какие языковые средства использовать, какую лексику, грамматику, разговорные или вежливые фразы.

тип сочинения (the type of writing) – письмо, статья, отчет, и т. д.

конкретные темы (specific topics), которые вам следует включить

всвое сочинение (опишите место и назовите его достоинства и недостатки).

Рассмотрим следующий пример задания:

You work for a travel magazine1. Your editor2 has asked you to write an article3 discussing the pros and cons of air travel4, including factors such as cost and convenience.

1 – ситуация

2 – читатель

3 – тип сочинения

4 – конкретная тема

Задание:

Прочитайте следующие темы-задания и назовите ключевую информацию так, как показано в примере выше. Найдите и подчеркните:

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1 – ситуация (situation), 2 – читатель (reader), 3 – конкретные темы (specific topics), 4 – тип сочинения (type of writing).

После изучения темы, потенциальной аудитории, типа и стиля сочинения следует подумать над тем, какие идеи, слова и фразы можно использовать в сочинении, можно при желании их записать в виде отдельных предложений и фраз, они обязательно пригодятся при написании сочинения.

Следующий шаг – это организовать идеи в абзацы. Любой тип письма независимо от стиля, размера, адресата и прочих факторов, состоит из трех частей – вступление, основная часть и заключение.

Вступление – первый абзац, как правило не слишком длинный, его целью является кратко познакомить читателя с основной идеей сочинения, а также завлечь читателя и заставить его\ее прочитать сочинение до конца.

Основная часть обычно состоит из двух и более абзацев и ее цель рассмотреть все вопросы, имеющие отношение к главной идее, проблеме сочинения. Количество абзацев и распределение информации в них зависит от конкретных тем сочинения. Каждый абзац посвящается одной конкретной теме, для каждого аргумента или группы аргументом необходимо начинать

новый абзац. Например, в сочинении «за и против» в основной части должно

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быть как минимум два абзаца, один из которых рассматривает аргументы за, а другой – аргументы против какой-то проблемы.

Заключение – короткий последний абзац, в котором кратко излагается проблема, рассматриваемая в сочинении, еще раз озвучивается мнение, обычно другими словами, а также приводится общий комментарий и выражаются чувства автора.

Связующие слова и фразы (часто союзы и союзные слова) помогают сделать сочинение более интересным и легко читаемым. Связующие слова можно условно разделить на две группы – слова, которые связывают две части сложного предложения (and, but, because, so, since, etc.), и слова,

которые связывают два отдельных предложения или два абзаца (However, On the other hand, In addition, What is more, etc.).

Формальный\Неформальный стили писем.

Стиль письма или сочинения зависит от типа, ситуации и потенциального читателя. Поэтому один и тот же стиль не подходит для всех типов сочинений. Существует два основных стиля письма – формальный

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(официальный) и неформальный (разговорный). Но выделяют также стиль полуофициальный. Такой стиль используется, например, в письмах к незнакомому или малознакомому человеку или статьях для студенческой стенгазеты или журнала.

Признаки формального стиля:

•Формальные фразы, клишированные конструкции, расширенный словарный запас, длинные предложения

I would be grateful if you could attend to this matter as soon as possible.

•Формальные слова-связки, вводные конструкции (Moreover, Nevertheless, Consequently, According to, etc.)

Online shopping is convenient and fast. On the other hand, the delivery can be quite expensive.

•Отсутствие кратких форм (it’s, they’ll, we’re …)

I am enjoying myself immensely at university. (not: I’m not …)

•Обезличенный тон – использование страдательных конструкций, отсутствие описания эмоций и чувств

The book was written by a famous English writer in the genre of suspense.

•фактологическое изложение информации

Mother Teresa won many awards, including the Noble Peace Prize in 1979.

Признаки неформального стиля:

▪Разговорные фразы, словарный запас и идиоматические выражения

(Are you kidding?)

▪Краткие формы (It’s …, There’s…, etc.)

▪Обилие фразовых глаголов, особенно разговорные значения (take after, carry on, drop off)

▪Простые связующие слова и фразы (but, so, because, and, etc.)

▪Короткие предложения

▪Использование действительного залога

▪Рассказ от первого лица (I/We)

▪Описательный тон, например использование прилагательных и наречий для более яркого и живого описания

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MODULE I

SOCIAL STUDIES

Warming-up questions:

1)What sciences do you know? What groups can be all sciences divided into?

2)What famous scientists do you know? What science did they tribute very much?

3)Can you explain the term “society” in your own words?

4)Are you a sociable person? Is it easy for you to get along well with people? How quickly and easily do you make friends?

5)What do you know about a subject of “Social Studies”? What does this science study?

1. Now read the article below. Find the answers to the questions in the texts, try to give answers in your own words if possible. What facts about Social Studies are new for you?

Text 1.

What are Social Studies?

Part I.

Social Studies (also referred to as social sciences) is a field that deals with an academic understanding of human behavior, relationships, and institutions. This discipline inculcates socially responsible behavioral traits amongst the different groups within society.

Social Studies play an important role in helping younger generations connect with the real world. In a global environment, such as the one present today, it is crucial for you to prepare to interact with individuals across all communities and cultures.

Social Studies is a discipline that is significant in the different branches of study that deal with how individuals in society live and work together. The discipline has no limit and includes the following core fields: Civics, Psychology, Geography, Economics, History.

Learning Social Studies can be fundamental in allowing you to have a deeper viewpoint on global citizenship. Academic effort in this field also

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highlights the importance of learning about political beliefs, geography, and cultural divergence.

Social Studies also play a fundamental role in allowing younger citizens to contribute positively to society and engage in democratic discourse. This is a subject in the academic curriculum from middle school, allowing early exposure to cultures.

Importance of Social Studies:

1.It helps to provide education for effective citizenship.

2.It helps in the all-around development of the personality.

3.It helps in developing awareness about the problems of society.

4.It is helpful in developmental projects of society.

5.It helps in the development of worthwhile values.

6.It helps in developing loyalty to society.

7.It helps for national and international understanding.

8.It helps the individual to know about their environment.

9.It promotes national integration.

10.It develops the capacity for logical thinking and sound rational

judgment.

(Abridged from Social Studies: Know Everything about It!)

1A Think of the answers to the following questions:

1)What is the definition of Social Studies?

2)In what way do Social Studies help younger generations?

3)What problem do younger generations face?

4)What spheres of knowledge are the basis of Social Studies?

5)What advantages can Social Studies have for young people?

6)Name at least three arguments for considering social studies an important discipline?

Part II.

What does a Social Scientist do?

A social scientist is a professional who practices social studies as a career. Social scientists need to thoroughly understand all aspects of society. These include past achievements and events in human behavior and the relationships

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across different groups. Social scientists also conduct a significant amount of research that provides global insights into the following:

•The different ways in which groups function.

•How established institutions make decisions.

•Authorities that exercise power.

•How society collectively adapts and responds to change.

Through their analyses and studies, social scientists work to provide deep insights into the physical, social, and overall cultural development of human beings. As a field, social studies also help establish a link between human activity and the global environment.

“The primary purpose of social studies is to help young people develop the ability to make informed and reasoned decisions for the public good as citizens of a culturally diverse, democratic society in an interdependent world.” To meet this goal, a social scientist needs to have the relevant skills that are essential to the industry. These include:

1. Critical Analysis Skills

A social scientist needs to recognize the key differences between primary and secondary sources as evidence. Therefore, an important skill in social studies is the ability to thoroughly evaluate sources.

In most cases, a social scientist has a strong foundation in data science, as this contributes to the relevant research skills that the industry demands.

2. Curiosity

In a world where endless amounts of information are available at your fingertips, social studies demand professionals who ask the right questions. Therefore, social scientists should be able to observe the world around them and reframe questions. These reframed questions open several opportunities for innovation.

3. Teamwork

Finally, one of the most important skills for social scientists is the ability to work with other people and achieve group objectives. Social studies require that professionals be aware of other individuals’ reactions and understand the potential causes behind their behavior.

These scientists should also be able to change their behavior towards the actions of others and persuade groups to approach established objectives differently.

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A course in social sciences encompasses a broad range of subjects. You will be trained in each of these disciplines, allowing you to choose a specialization most suited to your interests for your postgraduate study.

The different subjects that comprise social studies include:

1. Archaeology

Archaeology is the study of humanity through the material remains of early life and past eras. As a subject, archaeologists explore past cultures. This field of study, however, relies heavily on evidence from material remains.

2. Anthropology

Anthropology is also well-known as the ‘science of humanity’. This subject explores a wide range of topics that relate to the human experience in social studies. The topics include cultural relations, human behavior, and the influence of societal structures.

3. History

History is one of the broader social studies subjects that involves studying particular periods in the past. As a part of this course, you will be trained in interpreting sources, looking at and altering the current theories of the past, and assessing ideas based on available evidence.

4. Geography

It analyses population, land, and the fundamental relationship between these two. Geography is also a social studies subject that is closely linked to the earth sciences.

5. Law

Law is a crucial subject covered in social studies curricula. Studying law allows you to understand how established rules and regulations impact human behavior.

6. Economics

Finally, economics is one of the core subjects you will be introduced to in social studies courses. This is a discipline that understands the production, distribution, and consumption of different goods and services. Theoretically and practically, you can apply this knowledge if you are interested in the current economic state of affairs.

(Abridged from Social Studies: Know Everything about It!)

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1B Think of the answers to the following questions:

1)Can you answer the question that is the headline of this part of the text?

2)What research does a social scientist do? What questions/problems do this research point out?

3)What skills should a good social scientist have?

4)What differences should a social scientist see?

5)What for does a social scientist need curiosity?

6)Why is the ability to work with other people important for a social scientist?

7)What subjects does social studies include? Why?

8)What science studies periods of time in the past?

9)Which discipline deals with rules and regulations?

10)What science can apply you with practical knowledge?

2.Say if the following statements are true, false, or not given. 1) For young generations it is necessary to socialize.

2) The success of socializing depends on the number of meetings with people of all ages.

3) Social studies include almost all the spheres of people’s life.

4) We meet with the discipline of social studies for the first time when we enter the university.

5) Social studies help to develop imagination and creativity.

6) A social scientist conducts research which is focused on the matters concerning society.

7) The primary purpose of social studies is to help young people to find jobs.

8) The ability to work and study in a group of people is a very important skill for a social scientist.

9) Painting, playing sport and computer games are very important activities for specialists in social studies.

10) History is the “ancestor” of social science.

3.Tell what part of speech the following words are, translate them into Russian, then use them in the sentences:

social society socialist sociology socialize sociological socially socialization sociable socialism

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1)Emma is a very ______ person. She easily makes friends everywhere she meets people.

2)Come to out party on Saturday. It will be a good opportunity to meet new friends and _____ with your peers.

3)Stop lounging about! Take up some _____ useful activities.

4)Students at our university are actively involved into ______ life.

5)______ is a political ideology which declares the social equality for all the members of the society.

6)In a word, ______ studies interaction between people in society.

7)Such behavior is not approved of in the ______.

8)There is an interesting fact that one of the powerful parties in Great Britain is the ______ party.

9)Different state organizations conduct anonymous _____ surveys to collect data to organize social support.

10)Interaction with peers is an important condition for children’s ______. That’s why going to kindergarten is good for children.

4. Use a dictionary to find out the translation of these state expressions, see if you can use them in the sentences of your own:

1)social fund

2)social work

3)social bubble

4)social gamer

5)social media

6)social worker

7)social capital

8)social climber

9)social conscience

10)social contract

11)social democracy

12)social distance

13)social enterprise

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