History and Social Science. Учебное пособие

Let’s discuss!

These are the cases for you to organize the discussions or conferences. Use any sources to find the information and think over the answers, then prepare small talks for each question and present them before your groupmates.

1)What famous foreign criminals do you know? What crimes are they famous for? Do you know any films about these criminals? Which of them have you seen?

2)Do you like criminal stories or detective films? Why do people like reding detective stories? What are the most famous Russian writers of detective novels do you know? What is your favorite character or characters? Why?

3)Have you ever dealt with the police? What was the problem? Have you ever witnessed any accidents or even crimes? What was the situation?

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GRAMMAR REVISION 5

Conditionals

1.Open the brackets and use the verbs in the correct form. 1) If I had listened to you, I ______ (not get) into trouble.

2) Unless she ______ (find) a job, she’ll be forced to live with her parents. 3) I ______ (ask) her out if I were you.

4) He ______ (go) bungee jumping if he weren’t afraid of heights. But he didn’t dare.

5) We’ll go hiking if the weather ______ (be) good.

6) If she feels depressed, she ______ (eat) lots of comfort food.

7) I would make a lasagna if I ______ (be) a good cook. Unfortunately, all my culinary attempts fail.

8) If I were rich, I ______ (buy) that designer dress which I saw yesterday. 9) Sheila ______ (get) promoted if our boss approves of her project.

10) If the weather is nice, he ______ (ride) a bike to work. He believes it helps him keep fit.

11) If she ______ (marry) Jeff, she would have moved to Canada. 12) I ______ (have) a beautiful suntan if I lived in California. 13) If Melanie ______ (shout) at her employees, they are scared. 14) ______ you ______ (say) yes if he proposes to you?

15) We would spend every summer in the mountains if we ______ (have) a summer house there.

16) If we ______ (check) the direction, we wouldn’t have got lost.

17) If you hadn’t drunk so much wine yesterday, you ______ (not have) a hangover now.

18) If Mark ______ (not drop) out of University, he wouldn’t have set up his business then. But he took a risk and he’s a successful man now.

2.Rewrite the sentences to make conditional clauses.

1)Dan got so angry because we were an hour late. If we ______

2)Tom is usually punished at school. He behaves really badly. Tom ______

3)You don’t learn to use the new computer. You don’t practise enough. Unless ______

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4)The company might open a new factory, but it doesn’t get economic support from the government.

The company _______ unless ______

5)I can’t cook, so I can’t invite my friends to a dinner party.

If only ______

6)Our flight was delayed since the pilots were on strike. Our flight ______

7)Send three labels and you enter the competition.

If ______

8)Study hard to get your degree in Economics this year. If you ______

9)The match was cancelled as it was snowing heavily. The match ______

10)We missed the bus, so we had to walk home. I wish _______

11)Brush your teeth every day to prevent tooth decay. If you _______

12)Pam works long hours since she has to pay her bank loan. Pam _______

13)We buy more than we need.

I wish ______

14)Mr Smith’s performance doesn’t improve, so he may be dismissed. Unless _______

15)Linda called the doctor. She felt ill.

Linda _______

16)Phone your mum or she’ll get worried. Your mum _______

17)I’m fed up with Sam, he never does his homework. I wish _______

18)You should complain about the faulty hairdryer.

If I ________

Prepositions

1. Choose the best preposition, translate the sentences into Russian.

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1) His life depends _____ a heart transplant.

7) In order to get to the supermarket, I had to drive ______ your house.

INTERACTIVE V.

PROJECT

Choose one of the following topics, do your project, prepare a presentation, and present it in front of your groupmates.

1)The most famous criminals in history. Find the information and talk about a well-known criminal, Russian or from any foreign country. Tell about his\her biography. What crimes are they famous for? How was he\she caught? What verdict were they sentenced for?

2)The famous and glorious detectives from books. What books is he from? Who is the author of the books? What special method does he use? What habits does he have? Who is his antagonist(s)? Do you like this character? Why?

ROLEPLAY

Situation 13. At the pharmacy.

SA: You are a pharmacist. Help the customer to choose the best medicine from his\her health problem.

SB: You are a customer. You have some health problem – a muscle pain, a headache, a stomachache, a cough, a sore throat, etc. Ask the pharmacist for a suitable medicine.

Task. Roleplay a conversation between a pharmacist and a customer.

Situation 14. Two friends are discussing their favorite food.

SA: You are what you are. You and your friend are discussing your favorite food. SB: You are what you are. Ask and answer the questions about your favorite food and your cooking skills.

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Task. Roleplay a conversation between two friends and discuss your tastes in food.

Situation 15. Making an appointment.

SA: You are a student. You have decided to meet with your groupmate to do a project together and you are making an appointment about the details of your meeting.

SB: You are a student. Choose the best place and time for meeting with your groupmate.

Task. Roleplay a conversation between two students and make an appointment.

1)Your cousin is worried that he/she won’t pass all his/her exams this year and has written to ask for your advice. Write a letter in reply, giving your cousin advice about how to prepare for exams and explaining the main difficulties students face.

2)Think about the university you study at. Can you think about its disadvantages. What would you like to improve in our university?

3)What would you do is you suddenly inherited or won a million dollars?

4)If you went to a deserted island which one book you would take with you? Which one person would you like to go with you? Which one modern convenience would you like to take?

5)If you could improve yourself or your way of life, what would it be?

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SELF-WORK V

Happiness and well-being

The British Prime Minister, David Cameron, recently announced that from spring 2011 he wants to start measuring the British people’s levels of happiness. ‘I do believe that government has the power to improve well-being’ he has said. The French and Canadian governments are also looking at how to put happiness at the heart of politics. Cameron’s announcement surprised many British people. Governments generally measure the success of a country simply through the economy.

However, if a country is doing well economically, this does not necessarily mean that the people are happy. Cameron wishes to stop measuring people’s happiness simply by their standard of living, but by their quality of life; not by how much money there is, but by people’s actual level of contentment.

As a result, a ‘happiness index’ will be developed; the first results are to come out in 2012.

Through surveys, large numbers of the British public are to be asked on a regular basis how they feel about such issues as education, health, the environment, and whether they are achieving their life goals. The results from the surveys can then be used when making government policies; they may also show if people’s lives are improving or not.

How have the British people responded to the idea? Some have welcomed it, and others have laughed at it, seeing it as a waste of money. The problem is that measuring people’s happiness may sound easy, but it is a very complicated thing to do.

In spite of the difficulties, one country already places happiness at the centre of its policymaking, and that is the Himalayan country of Bhutan. When the Bhutanese government makes a decision, it has to consider the effect of the policy on its people’s happiness. Their prime minister recently said that even the dogs in Bhutan smile! ‘Gross National Happiness’ has been a goal of the government since 1978; their new king recently told the people ‘Without peace, security, and happiness we have nothing. That is the essence of the philosophy of Gross National Happiness’.

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The Bhutanese are now hoping to build a Gross National Happiness centre in the forest in the Himalayan mountains. This tiny nation may be able to help other countries to put happiness at the heart of government policies. It is not going to be easy. After all, Greek philosophers such as Aristotle tried to identify happiness and its relationship with politics over 2000 years ago.

1. Read and answer the following questions.

1)What do the British Prime Minister and some other governments hope to do?

2)How is this different from what happens normally?

3)Is this task going to be simple or difficult?

4)Who has decided that surveys on happiness are going to be conducted from 2011?

5)Who examined happiness hundreds of years ago?

6)Who is going to build a centre for happiness?

7)Who smiles in Bhutan?

8)Who thinks the new government idea is a silly and expensive one?

9)Who has been giving attention to happiness for over 30 years?

10)Who said that ‘standard of living’ and ‘quality of life’ are not the same thing?

2. Correct the following sentences.

1)Toledo is near of Madrid.

2)Can you explain me this?

3)My teacher puts us lots of grammar exercises.

4)He asked me where is the bank.

5)Is important to do this exercise.

6)It was a good party, no?

7)Do you know Africa?

8)I like dancing a lot of on the weekend.

9)Last year I went on a travel with my friends.

10)I was in New York the last week.

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MODULE VI

ECONOMICS

Warming-up questions.

1)Why is it important to be good at economy?

2)Do you plan your budget? How do you usually do this?

3)How much money have you got in your pockets/purse/wallet?

4)In what way do you prefer to pay for your purchases-by card, in cash or by qr-code?

5)What do you think about the idea of e-money, for example, e-ruble? Do you think it's a good idea? Would you like to get your scholarship in e-rubles?

Text I.

Economics vs. Economy

What's the Difference?

Economics is a social science that studies how individuals, businesses, and governments allocate resources to satisfy their needs and wants. It examines the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in a society. On the other hand, the economy refers to the system of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services within a specific region or country. It is the overall state of a country's financial health, including factors such as employment rates, inflation, and GDP growth. While economics is the study of these processes, the economy is the actual functioning of these processes in a real-world context.

Economics and economy are two terms that are often used interchangeably, but they actually have distinct meanings. Economics is a social science that studies how individuals, businesses, governments, and societies allocate resources to satisfy their needs and wants. It examines the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. On the other hand, the economy refers to the system of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services within a specific geographic area, such as a country or region.

Economics is a broad field that encompasses various sub-disciplines, such as microeconomics, macroeconomics, and international economics. Microeconomics focuses on individual economic agents, such as consumers and firms, and how their

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decisions impact the overall economy. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, looks at the economy as a whole, including factors like inflation, unemployment, and economic growth. International economics examines the interactions between different countries' economies. The economy, on the other hand, is a more specific concept that refers to the overall economic activity within a particular area.

Economics is concerned with understanding how individuals and societies make choices about how to allocate scarce resources. It looks at factors like supply and demand, prices, and incentives to explain economic behavior. Economists use models and theories to analyze economic phenomena and make predictions about future trends. The economy, on the other hand, is more focused on the actual economic activity happening within a specific area. It includes measures like GDP, unemployment rates, and inflation rates to assess the health of the economy.

Economics has a significant impact on the economy and vice versa. Economic policies and decisions made by governments and businesses can have far-reaching effects on the overall economy. For example, a government's decision to increase taxes or cut spending can influence consumer behavior and business investment, which in turn can affect economic growth. Similarly, economic conditions, such as a recession or a boom, can shape the policies that governments and businesses adopt. Understanding economics is crucial for making informed decisions that can help improve the economy.

While economics and the economy are distinct concepts, they are closely intertwined. Economics provides the theoretical framework and tools for analyzing economic issues and making policy recommendations. It helps us understand how the economy functions and how different factors interact to shape economic outcomes. At the same time, the economy provides the real-world data and context that economists use to test their theories and models. By studying both economics and the economy, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding of how the world works.

In conclusion, economics and the economy are related but distinct concepts that play crucial roles in shaping our world. Economics is a social science that studies how individuals and societies make choices about allocating resources, while the economy refers to the system of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services within a specific area. By understanding the differences between economics and the economy, we can better grasp the

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