Основы теории английского языка. Сборник упражнение для слушателей программы дополнительного (к высшему) образования «Переводчик в сфере профессиональ
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НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СУФФИКСЫ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ
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СУФФИКС |
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ЗНАЧЕНИЕ |
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обозначение деятеля |
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(гл. +) -er, -or |
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действие в процессе |
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(гл. +) -ing |
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свойство, качество |
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(прил. +) -ness |
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состояние, условие, качество |
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(прил. +) -ty, - |
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ity |
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акт или факт действия |
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(гл. +) -age |
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содержание чего-либо |
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(сущ. +) -age |
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(единиц измерения) |
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отвлеченные понятия (аб- |
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(гл. +) -ment |
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страктные существительные) |
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(гл. +) -ance, |
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-ence |
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(гл. +) -ancy, |
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-ency |
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(прил. +/сущ. |
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+) -dom |
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(гл. +) |
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-ion, -tion, |
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-sion,-ssion |
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-ure |
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-hood |
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-ship |
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-th |
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1) национальность; |
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-an, -ian |
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2) профессия |
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какое-либо течение |
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-ism |
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(например, политическое) |
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1) принадлежность к |
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-ist |
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какому-либо течению; |
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2) профессия |
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ПРИМЕР worker рабочий boiling кипячение whiteness белизна activity деятельность
breakage поломка
percentage
процентное содержание treatment лечение
resistance
сопротивление
expectancy надежда
freedom свобода
revision повторение
pressure давление childhood детство friendship дружба length длина
American американец, librarian библиотекарь
communism коммунизм
communist коммунист;
artist художник
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НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СУФФИКСЫ НАРЕЧИЙ И ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ
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СУФФИКСЫ НАРЕЧИЙ |
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СУФФИКСЫ ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ |
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СУФ- |
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ЗНАЧЕ- |
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СУФ- |
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ПРИМЕР |
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ЗНАЧЕНИЕ |
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ПРИМЕР |
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ФИКС |
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НИЕ |
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ФИКС |
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таким |
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entirely |
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количествен- |
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fifteen |
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образом, |
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всецело |
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ное числительное |
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пятнад- |
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+)-ly |
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способом |
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-teen |
от 13 до 19 |
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цать |
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направле- |
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backwards |
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десятки |
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seventy |
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-ward |
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-ty |
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ние движе |
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назад |
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семьдесят |
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ния |
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в таком |
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clockwise |
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порядковое |
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fourth |
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направле- |
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по часо- |
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-th |
числительное |
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четвертый |
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-wise |
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нии, таким |
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вой |
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способом |
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стрелке |
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НАИБОЛЕЕУПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕСУФФИКСЫПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ
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СУФФИКС |
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ЗНАЧЕНИЕ |
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ПРИМЕР |
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наличие признака, |
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central центральный |
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(сущ. +) -al |
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свойств и качеств, |
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(сущ. +) -ic |
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patriotic патриотический |
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выраженных основой |
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geological геологический |
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(сущ. +) -ical |
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famous известный |
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(сущ. +) -ous |
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useful полезный |
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(сущ. +) -ful |
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expressible выразительный |
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(гл. +) -able, -ible |
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dependent зависимый |
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(гл. +) -ant, -ent |
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active активный |
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(гл. +) -ive |
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friendly дружелюбный |
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(сущ. +) -ly |
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grainy зернистый |
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(сущ. +) -y |
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favourite любимый |
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(гл. +) -ite |
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pecuniary денежный |
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-ary |
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fortunate удачный |
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-ate |
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cold-blooded хладнокровный |
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-ed |
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отсутствие качества, |
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-less |
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useless бесполезный |
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признака |
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1) наличие признака |
reddish красноватый; |
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в слабой степени; |
Polish польский |
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2) принадлежность к |
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национальности |
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принадлежность к |
Japanese японский |
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-ese |
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национальности |
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-ian, -an |
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Egyptian египетский |
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сходство |
birdlike птицеподобный |
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-like |
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принадлежность к |
northern северный |
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-ern |
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одной из сторон света |
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НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕФИКСЫ И ИХ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ
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ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ |
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ДРУГИЕ ПРЕФИКСЫ |
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ПРЕФИКСЫ |
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ПРЕ- |
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ПРИМЕР |
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ПРЕФИКС |
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ЗНАЧЕНИЕ |
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ПРИМЕР |
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ФИКС |
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unable |
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вновь |
сде- |
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remake |
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un- |
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неспособный |
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лать то, |
на |
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переделывать |
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re- (+ гл.) |
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что указыва- |
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inactive |
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in- |
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ет основа |
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бездеятельный |
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impossible |
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придавать |
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embody |
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im- |
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невозможный |
en-, em- |
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качество |
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воплощать |
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illegal |
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il- |
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(+ гл.) |
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незаконный |
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irregular |
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избыточная |
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overproduce |
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ir- |
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неправильный |
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степень |
ка- |
перепроизводить |
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over- (+ гл.) |
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чества |
или |
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misunderstand |
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выполнения |
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неправильно |
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действия |
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mis- |
понять |
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disapproval |
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недостаточ- |
underestimate |
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неодобрение |
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ная степень |
недооценивать |
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dis- |
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under- (+ гл.) |
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качества или |
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выполнения |
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действия |
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Prefixes are often used to give adjectives a negative or an opposite meaning, e.g. comfortable/uncomfortable, convenient/inconvenient and similar/dissimilar are opposites. Other examples are 'unjust', 'inedible', 'disloyal'.
Unfortunately, there is no easy way of knowing which prefix any adjective will use to form its opposite.
•in- becomes imbefore a root beginning with 'm' or 'p', e.g. immature, impatient, impartial, improbable. Similarly in- becomes ir- before a word beginning with -r, and il- before a word beginning with '1', e.g. irreplaceable, irreversible, illegal, illegible, illiterate.
•The prefix in- (and its variations) does not always have a negative meaning - often it gives the idea of inside or into, e.g. internal, import, insert, income.
The prefixes unand discan also form the opposites of verbs, e.g. tie/untie, appear/disappear. These prefixes are used to reverse the action of the verb. Here are some more examples: disagree, disapprove, disbelieve, disconnect, discredit, dislike, dismount, disprove, disqualify, unbend, undo, undress, unfold, unload, unlock, unveil, unwrap, unzip.
Here are examples of prefixes in English. Some of these words are used with a hyphen.
prefix |
meaning |
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antisocial |
anti |
against |
anti-war |
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auto |
of or by oneself |
autobiography |
auto-pilot |
bi |
two, twice |
bicycle |
bilingual |
ex |
former |
ex-wife |
x-smoker |
ex |
out of |
extract |
excommunicate |
micro |
small |
microwave |
microscopic |
mis |
badly/wronglyy |
mistranslate |
misinform |
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mono |
one/single |
monotonous |
monologue |
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multi |
many |
multi-purpose |
multi-media |
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over |
too much |
overdo |
oversleep |
overeat |
post |
after |
postwar |
post-impressionist |
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pre |
before |
preconceived |
pre-war |
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pro |
in favour of |
pro-government pro-revolutionary |
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pseudo |
false |
pseudo-scientific |
pseudo-intellectual |
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re |
again or back |
retype |
replace |
rewind |
semi |
half |
semicircular |
semi-detached |
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sub |
under |
subdivision |
submarine |
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under |
not enough |
underworked |
undercooked |
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VII. Abbreviations and acronyms
Some abbreviations are read as individual letters.
WHO [W-H-O] World Health Organisation
ID Identity [an identity card or passport]
BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
GM(O) genetically modified (organism)
IRA Irish Republican Army
UN United Nations
PM Prime Minister
MP Member of Parliament
NOTE When these abbreviations are stressed words in the sentence, the stress falls on the last letter, e.g. She works for the CIA. I heard it on the BBC.
In the following three cases, the name of each country and the name of its secret police are pronounced as individual letters/numbers.
CIA (USA) MI5 (UK) KGB (of the former USSR) Some abbreviations are read as words; we call them acronyms. NATO /neitəu/ North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
OPEC /'əu рек/ Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries AIDS /eidz/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
PIN /pin/ Personal Identity Number (e.g. for a bank or credit card)
Some acronyms have become so normal as words that people do not think of them as abbreviations any longer, and so they are not written all in capital letters.
laser radar Esso
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Some abbreviations are only written forms; they are always pronounced as the full word.
Mr (Mister) Dr (Doctor) St (Saint or Street) Rd (Road) Within a written text some abbreviations are used as notes to organize the
language and give extra information to the reader. etc. /et'setra/ and so on [Latin et cetera]
i.e. (1-Е): that is to say [Latin id est]
e.g. (E-G) for example [Latin: exempli gratia] PTO (P-T-O) please turn over
NB (N-B) please note [Latin: nota bene]
Clippings: Some words are normally used in an abbreviated form in in-
formal situations. |
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ad/advert (advertisement) |
bike (bicycle) |
phone (telephone) |
case (suitcase) |
exam (examination) |
board (blackboard) |
fridge (refrigerator) |
lab (laboratory) |
plane (aeroplane) |
rep (business representative) |
TV or telly (television) |
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Some abbreviations you might see on a letter/fax/envelope.
c/o care of [e.g. T. Smith, c/o J. Brown; the letter goes to J. Brown's address]
enc. enclosed [documents enclosed with a letter, e.g. enc. application form]
PS postscript [extra message after the letter has been ended] asap as soon as possible [e.g. ring me asap]
RSVP (R-S-V-P) please reply [French; repondez s'il vous plait]
VIII. Chat abbreviation Dictionary
121: one to one
ADN: any day now
ADR/addy: address
AFAIK: as far as I know
AFK: away from keyboard
A/S/L: age, sex, location (or just "ASL")
ASAP: as soon as possible
B4: before
B4N: bye for now
BB: best boy
BBL: be back later
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BF: boyfriend or best friend
BFF: best friends forever
BFFL: Best Friends For Life
BFFN: Best Friends for now
BFN: bye for now
BG: big grin / best girl
BMA: best mate always
BRB: be right back
BRT: be right there
BTW: by the way
C: see?
CNP: continued [in my] next post
CP: chat post
CU: see you
CUL: see you later
CYO: see you online
DBAU: doing business as usual
DW: dont worry
EIP: editing in progress
FYI: for your information
G2G or GTG: got to go
G: grin
GA: go ahead
GAL: get a life
GF: girlfriend
GFN: gone for now
GFY: good for you
GG: gotta go/good game
GJ: good job
GL: good luck
GM: good morning
GSOH: good sense of humor
GTG or G2G: got to go or get together
H2G: have to go
HAGN: have a good night
Homg: same as OMG
IAC: in any case
IC: I see
IDC:I don't care
IDK: I don't know
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ILU: I love you
ILY: I love you
IMNECTHO: in my not-even-close-to-humble opinion
IMNSHO: in my not so humble opinion
IMO: in my opinion; or "IMHO" - in my humble/honest opinion
IMS: If memory serves
IOW: in other words
IRL: in real life
IWSN: I want sex now
JC: just chilling
K: all right / okay
KFY: kiss for you
KIT: Keep in touch
KTHX: Okay, thanks.
JK: just kidding / joking; also JKING
L8R: later
LAFFO: laughing out loud
LBR: loser beyond repair
LD: later, dude
LDR: long distance relationship
LLTA: lots and lots of thunderous applause
LMIRL: let's meet in real life
LMSO: laughing my socks off
LMK: Let Me Know
LOL: laughing out loud, lots of love
LOLZ: Same as LOL
LQTS: laughing quietly to self
LTNS:long time no see
LTP: learn to play (L2P)
LTR: longterm relationship
LULAB: love you like a brother
LULAS: love you like a sister
MML: making me laugh
MOOS: member(s) of the opposite sex
MorF: Male or female?
M/F: male or female
N1: nice one
NALOPKT: not a lot of people know that
NIFOC: naked in front of computer
NO1: no one
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NSFW: not safe for work
NP, N/P: no Problem
NVM: nevermind
NM: not much, nothing much, never mind
OIC: ohh I see
OMG: oh my God, oh my goodness, oh my gosh
OMW: on my way
OTOH: on the other hand
OTW: on the way
P911: parent alert
PAL: parents are listening
PAW: parents are watching
PCM: Please call me
PIR: parent in room
PLZ: please
PlzKThx: Please. ok? Thanks. (Thanks in advance)
PlzKThxNo-Re: Please, ok, Thanks, No-Read (sarcasm)
PDA: public display [of] affection
RBA: right back at you (right back atcha)
RL: real life
ROFL: rolling on floor laughing
ROTFLOL: rolling on the floor laughing out loud
RPG: role playing games
SA: something awful
SLAP: sounds like a plan
SOMY: sick of me yet?
SOT: short of time
SUF: shut up fool
TBH : to be honest
THX: thanks
THT: That
TIA: thanks in advance
TMI: too much information
TTYL: talk to you later
TTYS: talk to you soon
TTLY: totally
TY: thank you
U: you (common); how are you?; or you do it!
U/C: Can also be typed as UC. Means under construction.
UW: you’re welcome
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w/e: whatever
WAT: What?
WAYT: what are you thinking?
WB: welcome back/ write back
WDYT: what do you think
WFM: works for me
WIBNI: wouldn't it be nice if
WIP: work in progress
WTG: way to go
WUIP: wind up in progress
WUBU2: what you been up to
WUD: what you doing
WUU2: what you up to
WYCM: will you call me?
Y:why?
YM: young man
YW: you're welcome
ZOMG: same as OMG
Перечень вопросов для проведения зачета
1.Слово – основная единица языка.
2.Лексическое значение слова.
3.Грамматическое значение слова.
4.Морфологическая структура слова.
5.Семантическая структура слова.
6.Причины изменения значения слова.
7.Типы лексических значений.
8.Метафора.
9.Метонимия.
10.Полисемия.
11.Мотивировка слова. Мотивировка и значение.
12.Омонимия.
13.Синонимия.
14.Антонимия.
15.Словообразовательная система английского языка.
16.Словосложение.
17.Конверсия.
18.Аффиксация. Классификация аффиксов.
19.Аббревиация.
20.Второстепенные способы словообразования.
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