Основы теории английского языка. Сборник упражнение для слушателей программы дополнительного (к высшему) образования «Переводчик в сфере профессиональ
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capital of the United |
the United States federal government |
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States |
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The White |
Official residence of |
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the President of the |
the President and staff |
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House |
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United States |
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a street in Lower |
the United States financial and bank- |
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Wall Street |
Manhattan, New York |
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ing industry |
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City |
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Broadway |
an avenue running the |
Broadway theatre in particular, and |
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length of Manhattan |
American theatre in general |
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Island in New York |
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City |
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The Pentagon |
the office building in |
the US Defense Department, the US |
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Arlington, Virginia that |
Secretary of Defense and high- |
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serves as the headquar- |
ranking military officials based there |
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ters of the US Defense |
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Department |
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The neighborhood in |
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Capitol Hill |
which the United |
the United States Congress |
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States Capitol is lo- |
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cated |
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Madison |
a street in New York |
the United States advertising industry |
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Avenue |
City |
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Seventh |
a street in New York |
the United States fashion industry |
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Avenue |
City |
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Cupertino |
a city in the state of |
Apple Inc., which is headquartered |
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California |
there |
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largest city in the state |
the United States automobile |
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Detroit |
industry, which is centered in the |
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of Michigan |
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Detroit area |
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Houston |
largest city in the state |
NASA Mission Control, from the |
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of Texas |
phrase "Houston, we've had a problem" |
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Cape |
a geographic feature |
NASA Kennedy Space Center and |
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in the state of Florida |
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Canaveral |
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station |
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near the… |
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some state governments in criminal |
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the people |
human beings, or a |
prosecution matters, e.g., "People (of |
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specific group thereof |
the State of Michigan) versus X", as |
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opposed to "State (of Ohio) versus Y" |
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British |
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England |
a country within the |
the United Kingdom as a whole |
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United Kingdom |
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The Crown |
a monarch's headwear |
the British monarchy |
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The Palace |
Buckingham Palace |
The monarch's office |
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New Scotland |
a London building, the |
Metropolitan Police |
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Yard |
headquarters of the |
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Metropolitan Police |
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The City |
the City of London |
the British financial markets, histori- |
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cally centred in The City |
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the City of Westmin- |
The Parliament of the United King- |
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Westminster |
dom , or the UK Government, which |
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ster in London |
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is located there |
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Thames |
Headquarters of… |
the British Security Services |
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House |
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Whitehall |
a street in the City of |
the offices of the British government's |
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Westminster, the |
senior bureaucrats; the British Civil |
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headquarters of the |
service or a Government Department |
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British Civil Service |
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and various Govern- |
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mental Departments |
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Fleet Street |
a street in London |
the British press, particularly news- |
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papers, or the British newspaper in- |
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dustry |
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Downing |
Official residence of |
the British Prime Minister and his or |
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Street or |
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the Prime Minister[1] |
her staff |
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"Number 10" |
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Vauxhall |
Headquarters of… |
the Secret Intelligence Service (aka |
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Cross |
MI6) |
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Canadian |
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Usually used in court as the federal or |
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the Crown |
The monarch |
provincial government as in "The |
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crown Versus …" |
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Ottawa |
the capital of Canada |
the Canadian federal government |
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European |
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the capital city of Bel- |
Institutions of the European Union |
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Brussels |
gium, also home to |
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most of the… |
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A fortified complex in |
Formerly the Soviet government; |
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the Kremlin |
used today to a lesser extent for the |
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Moscow |
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Russian government |
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any country's |
the country's capital |
that country's government in general, |
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capital city |
and often, as the whole country itself |
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Toompea |
A limestone hill in |
The Government and Parliament of |
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Tallinn, Estonia |
Estonia |
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1. Technically, 10 Downing Street is the official residence of the First Lord of the Treasury, not the Prime Minister. However, the two offices have been held by the same person since the early 20th century.
III. MAKE /DO |
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make |
do |
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a noise |
business (with sb) |
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an offer |
the homework |
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an announcement |
the housework |
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an appearance |
harm |
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an application |
(some) damage |
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an arrangement |
a favour |
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an attempt |
(no) good |
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a bed |
smb/yourself an injury |
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a call |
a job |
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a charge (for sth) |
research |
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a choice |
an experiment |
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a comment |
the shoes |
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a contribution |
hair |
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a decision |
face |
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a difference |
nails |
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a discovery |
the cleaning |
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an effort |
ironing |
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an enemy of smb |
cooking |
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an enquiry |
gardening |
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an exception |
the shopping |
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an excuse |
washing (up) |
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a fire |
sightseeing |
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a fortune |
a translation |
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friends (with sb) |
your best |
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a fuss |
a course |
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a gesture |
the dishes |
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a good/bad job of smth |
your duty |
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a habit of (doing) smth |
an exam |
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a list |
a test |
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a living |
an/some exercise |
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love |
the laundry |
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a journey |
military service |
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a mess |
sport |
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a mistake |
your teeth (=clean) |
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money |
well (= be successful) |
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a plan |
badly (= be unsuccessful) |
a point |
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a profit |
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progress |
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a promise |
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a remark |
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a sound |
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a speech |
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a start (on smth) |
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a suggestion |
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time (for sth/sb) |
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trouble |
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war |
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IV. Понятие паронимии
В отличие от синонимии и антонимии паронимия основана на формальном сходстве между словами. Термин «пароним» (из греч. para - «около» и onima - «имя») относится к словам, обладающим близостью как формальной, так и (частично) семантической структуры, и обозначает еще одну универсалию в системе лексических отношений. Так, паронимы многих языков обладают сходством (близостью) звучания, но в английском языке возможны также и «глазные» паронимы, близость между которыми проявляется только в письменной, воспринимаемой зрительно форме (adage/adagio). Паронимы могут частично совпадать по морфологическому составу, нередко обладая этимологическим род-
ством (рус. одеть/ надеть; англ. conservatory/conservatoir).
Паронимия и парономазия. Способность паронимов к смешению в речи привела к тому, что под термином «паронимия» нередко объединяются два понятия - собственно паронимия, т. е. вид языковых системных отношений между лексическими единицами, и парономазия (или парономасия) - стилистический прием, состоящий в нарочитом сближении слов, имеющих сходство в звучании. Эти слова не обязательно должны быть паронимами, часто для целей автора бывает достаточно случайного звукового совпадения. Использование парономазии позволяет усилить выразительность текста; особенно часто этот прием встречается в поэзии.
Commonly Confused Words accept, except, and expect adapt and adopt
adverse and averse advice and advise
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affect and effect aggravate and irritate all ready and already
all together and altogether allude and elude
allusion and illusion allusive and elusive a lot (much, many) altar and alter
ambiguous and ambivalent amoral and immoral amount and number amuse and bemuse anxious and eager
anyone and any one appraise and apprise are and our
assure, ensure, and insure
baited and bated beside and besides breath and breathe
capital and capitol censor and censure
choose, chose, and chosen chord and cord
cite and site click and clique
climactic and climatic clothes and cloths collaborate and cooperate complement and compliment conscience and conscious continual and continuous council and counsel
days and daze dazed and dazzled
defective and deficient deprecate and depreciate
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desert and dessert device and devise discreet and discrete
disinterested and uninterested distinct and distinctive
dual and duel
economic and economical eminent and imminent envelop and envelope epigram, epigraph, and epitaph eventually and ultimately every day and everyday explicit and implicit
farther and further
few (fewer) and little (less) flaunt and flout
flounder and founder foreword and forward formally and formerly fortunate and fortuitous full and fulsome
gourmand and gourmet grisly and grizzly hanged and hung hardy and hearty historic and historical hoard and horde
home and hone hoping and hopping
imply and infer in and into
incredible and incredulous ingenious and ingenuous intense and intent
its and it's last and latter
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later and latter lay and lie lead and led leave and let lend and loan
lessen and lesson liable and libel lightening and lightning
literally and figuratively loath and loathe
loose and lose
many and much marital and martial maybe and may be media and medium militate and mitigate miner and minor moot and mute noisome and noisy
official and officious obsolescent and obsolete
pair, pare, and pear passed and past peace and piece
perquisite and prerequisite persecute and prosecute personal and personnel perspective and prospective perverse and perverted pore and pour
precede and proceed premier and premiere prescribe and proscribe principal and principle
quell and quench quiet, quit, and quite quotation and quote rack and wrack
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rain, reign, and rein raise and rise rational and rationale ravage and ravish recourse and resource
regretful and regrettable respectively and respectfully review and revue
riffle and rifle role and roll
stationary and stationery statue and statute sensual and sensuous serve and service
set and sit shall and will shear and sheer
should and would simple and simplistic
sometime, some time, and sometimes
tail and tale temerity and timidity than and then
their, there, and they're to and too
troop and troupe
vain, vane, and vein vary and very veracious and voracious
waist and waste
were, we're, and where which and who
who and whom whoever and whomever whose and who's
young and youthful your and you're
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V. Homophone List |
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affect — effect |
leased — least |
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aisle — isle |
loan — lone |
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allowed — aloud |
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ate — eight |
made — maid |
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ball — bawl |
mail — male |
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marry — merry |
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bear — bare |
meat — meet |
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base — bass |
mince — mints |
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billed — build |
missed — mist |
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blew — blue |
morning — mourning |
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board — bored |
none — nun |
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break — brake |
one — won |
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buy — by — bye |
pail — pale |
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capital — capitol |
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pear — pair |
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cell — sell |
patience — patients |
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cent — scent — sent |
piece — peace |
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chance — chants |
plain — plane |
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chews — choose |
practice — practise |
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close — clothes |
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coarse — course |
rain — reign |
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creak — creek |
read — red |
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days — daze |
right — write |
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road — rode |
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dear — deer |
rose — rows |
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dew — do — due |
sail — sale |
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facts — fax |
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scene — seen |
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fair — fare |
sea — see |
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fairy — ferry |
sew — so |
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find — fined |
sole — soul |
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flour — flower |
son — sun |
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for — four |
stair — stare |
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foreword — forward |
steal — steel |
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suite — sweet |
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gene — jean |
their — there |
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grease — Greece |
threw — through |
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groan — grown |
to — too — two |
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hair — hare |
vary — very |
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hay — hey |
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heal — heel |
waist — waste |
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hear — here |
wait — weight |
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hi — high |
war — wore |
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hoarse — horse |
where — wear |
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hole — whole |
weak — week |
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hour — our |
weather — whether |
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knight — night |
which — witch |
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wood — would |
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knot — naught — not |
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know — no |
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VI. |
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НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СУФФИКСЫ ГЛАГОЛОВ
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СУФФИКС |
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ЗНАЧЕНИЕ |
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ПРИМЕР |
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делать(ся) таким, как |
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summarize суммировать |
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(сущ. +) -ize |
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на то указывает осно- |
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harden делать(ся) твердым |
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(прил. +) -en |
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ва |
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превращать |
в, делать |
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gasify превращать(ся) в газ; |
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(сущ. +) -ify, - |
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то, на что указывает |
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electrify электризовать |
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fy |
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основа |
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подвергать |
воздей- |
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vaccinate делать прививку; |
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ствию, превращать в |
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granulate гранулировать |
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(сущ. +) -ate |
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то, на что указывает |
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основа |
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whisper шептать |
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-er |
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establish устанавливать |
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-ish |
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