Лингвистика текста и переводческое реферирование. Учебное пособие
.pdfme. I want to point out the following facts that turned out to be new for
Summing up the results of … the author …
The author comes to the conclusion that…
In conclusion the author …
The article ends with the comment …
At the end of the article the author draws the conclusion that… We find the conclusion that…
To finish the article the author describes…
The author sums it all up (by saying…)…
The article concludes by underlining …
III. Conclusion – your opinion on the article, the problem touched. Do you agree or disagree with the author? State what places of the article contradict your former views. State the questions, which remained unanswered in the article and if it is possible add your tail to them.
Use the following expressions to make a conclusion
I found the article important (dull, of no value, too hard to understand, pretty-packed, expressive, and very emotional)
It contains such important facts as …
To have one’s fingers on the pulse of current events, public opinion It appealed to me (may appeal to a wide readership)
The article expresses (doesn’t express) the opinion of the author, it just states the facts.
men) The information is very important not only for... but for ... (average
As for me, I’m sure that...
I am not an expert, but...
Let us consider all possible approaches to the problem ...
I am deeply concerned about...
I am perfectly aware/ confident that ...
In conclusion, I want to say …
I’d like to conclude by saying ...” (13).
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Данный вид реферирования может включать авторскую оценку статьи и ее важности.
ПРИМЕР РЕФЕРИРОВАНИЯ ГАЗЕТНОЙ СТАТЬИ
The headline of the article is “‘Green growth’ doesn’t exist – less of everything is the only way to avert catastrophe”. It is published in the Guardian.The author of the article isGeorge Monbiot.
The purpose of the article is to give the reader a new look at the problem of environmental pollution and its destruction due to man’s active industrial activity. The author starts by telling the reader that when speaking about environmental problems and its solutions people tend to create different boxes, such as “climate”, “biodiversity”, “pollution” and many others. All these boxes contain only one aspect of a global crisis. The author states that there is no such division in nature, because all its systems are interconnected. The author gives the example of the situation of the North Atlantic right whale which after a short improvement is now slumping again as there are fewer than 95 females of breeding age. This is a result of their shift along the eastern seaboard of North America into busy waters searching for their main prey, a small swimming crustacean called Calanus. Calanus is now widely used in a commercial fishing industry that has developed. We could call the decline of the North Atlantic right whale a shipping crisis, or a fishing crisis, but as the author stresses this is all in fact a general crisis caused by human activity. The author encourages the readers to look at this problem more globally and to understand that we conduct a full-spectrum assault on the living world. The author cited statistics illustrating that only 3% of the Earth’s land surface should now be considered “ecologically intact”.
At the end of the article the author draws the conclusion that the cornerstone of our damaging impact on Earth is the sheer volume of economic activity. If we didn’t fail to see the whole we could address this crisis systemically and effectively.
I found the article really important. It not only raises very important issues of our time, but also helps the ordinary reader to understand and realize that everything is connected in the natural world. In conclusion, I want to say that it is difficult not to62agree with the opinion of the author
that in order to solve this global problem, it is necessary not to take on a separate aspect of it, but to start working on all fronts.
Также возможно более краткое реферирование (paragraph summary), когда содержание статьи при помощи средств компрессии и аналитической обработки умещается в один абзац. Данный вид реферирования обязательно требует составления плана с выделением главной идеи, а также подтем. Последовательность информации во вторичном тексте может не совпадать с последовательностью изложения в первичном тексте.
ПРИМЕРЫ КРАТКОГО РЕФЕРИРОВАНИЯ ГАЗЕТНОЙ СТАТЬИ
1.
MAIN IDEA: The article "Safety Group to Call for Ban on Texting While Driving" by Matt Richtel explains that the influential group called the Governors' Highway Safety Association plans to change its previous stance and support a ban on texting while driving because texting leads to increased accidents.
•SUBPOINT #1: Secretary of Transportation and senators are concerned.
•SUBPOINT #2: Studies show texting is a problem.
•SUBPOINT #3: Some think all cell phone use while driving should be banned.
SUMMARY PARAGRAPH:
The article "Safety Group to Call for Ban on Texting While Driving" by Matt Richtel explains that the influential group called the Governors' Highway Safety Association plans to change its previous stance and support a ban on texting while driving because texting leads to increased accidents. This group joins the Secretary of Transportation and some senators who have expressed concern about texting while driving. According to the article, multiple studies demonstrate that drivers who text are distracted and more likely to get into accidents. Richtel concludes by
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pointing out that some critics of distracted driving believe that cell phone use should also be banned.
2.
BULLET POINTS:
•MAIN IDEA: The article "I’ve had a wake-up call on Covid vaccines for children – mine will be first in line" by Emma Brockes reports that the Covid-19 vaccine for children from 5 to 11 years old has been approved in the United States.
•SUBPOINT #1: Some parents in the US are unlikely to get their under-12s vaccinated.
•SUBPOINT #2: 172 children between the ages of five and 11 have died from Covid-19 in the US, and more than 8,300 have been hospitalised.
•SUBPOINT #3: Vaccinating children is a smart move. SUMMARY PARAGRAPH: The article “I’ve had a wake-up call on
Covid vaccines for children – mine will be first in line” by Emma Brockes reports that the Covid-19 vaccine for children from 5 to 11 years old has been approved in the United States. According to the article, people in the USA have managed to adapt to the situation with Covid. However, a large percentage of parents are still against vaccinating their children due to the short trial period of the vaccine and its possible consequences. The author of the article also reports that more than 8 thousand children were hospitalized with Covid, and more than 100 died. Emma Brockes concludes by pointing out that vaccinating children is a smart move in the fight against the virus.
КРАТКОЕ ИЗЛОЖЕНИЕ: В статье “Призыв к действию: вакцина против Covid для детей – мои будут первыми в очереди” Эмма Брокс сообщает, что в Соединенных Штатах была одобрена вакцина против Covid-19 для детей в возрасте от 5 до 11 лет. Согласно статье, люди в США сумели адаптироваться к ситуации с Covid. Однако большой процент родителей по-прежнему против вакцинации своих детей из-за короткого испытательного срока вакцины и ее возможных последствий. Автор статьи также сообщает, что более 8
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тысяч детей были госпитализированы с Covid, и более 100 умерли. В заключение Эмма Брокс отмечает, что вакцинация детей – это разумный шаг в борьбе с вирусом.
Обязательным требованием при выполнении двух указанных выше видов переводческого реферирования является полное понимание основного содержания статьи, ее цели, а также коммуникативной направленности.
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ЧАСТЬ ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ РЕФЕРИРОВАНИЯ. ЗАДАНИЯ И ПРИМЕРЫ РЕФЕРАТОВ
ТЕКСТ 1
Задание 1. Проанализируйте первичный текст, определите его стиль, сделайте предпереводческий анализ, разграничьте ключевую и второстепенную информацию и сделайте реферативный перевод данной статьи. Обратите внимание на то, что в оригинале есть подзаголовки, которые неприемлемы в реферате.
How the EU improves workers’ rights and working conditions
The EU has put in place a set of labour rules to ensure strong social protection. They include minimum requirements on working conditions – such as working time, part-time work, workers’ rights – to information about important aspects of their employment and the posting of workers. They have become one of the cornerstones of Europe's social policies.
The social partners – trade unions and employers organisations – are involved in the shaping of European social and employment policies via the so-called social dialogue, through consultations and opinions, and can also negotiate framework agreements on specific matters.
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Workers’ rights and new forms of work
The EU has introduced minimum common standards on working hours applicable to all member states. EU legislation in the field of working time establishes individual rights for all workers, with a maximum working week of 48 hours, paid annual leave of at least four weeks per year, rest periods and rules on night work, shift work and patterns of work.
Over the years, Europe has witnessed significant changes in the labour market, including digitalisation and the development of new technologies, growing flexibility and fragmentation of work. These developments have generated new forms of employment, with an increase in temporary positions and non-standard jobs.
To protect all workers in the EU and improve the rights of the most vulnerable employees on atypical contracts, MEPs adopted in 2019 new rules introducing minimum rights on working conditions. The legislation sets protective measures such as limiting the length of the probationary period to six months, introducing free mandatory training and banning restrictive contracts. The rules also require that all new employees get key information on their responsibilities within a week of starting work.
The EU also wants workers to be involved in their company's decision-making and has established a general framework for the rights of workers to be informed and consulted.
EU rules require that in the event of mass redundancies employers must negotiate with workers’ representatives.
At transnational level, employees are represented by European Works Councils. Through these bodies, workers are informed and consulted by management on any significant decision at EU level that could affect employment or working conditions.
Workers’ mobility within the EU
EU rules on the coordination of member states’ social security systems guarantee that people can fully benefit from their right to move to another EU country to study, work or settle whilst getting the social and health benefits they are entitled to. EU legislation covers sickness, maternity/paternity leave, family, unemployment and similar benefits and is currently under review. IN 2019 MEPs approved plans to create a new
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EU agency, the European Labour Authority, which, to assist member states and the European Commission in applying and enforcing EU law in the field of labour mobility and coordinating social security systems. The agency will be fully operational by 2023. Employees can be sent by their companies to another EU country on a temporary basis to carry out specific tasks. In 2018, EU rules on the posting of workers were overhauled to ensure the principle of equal pay for equal work at the same place.
To tackle unemployment and better match labour market supply and demand across Europe, Parliament approved a new law to revamp the European Jobs Network (Eures) with an EU-wide database of job seekers and vacancies in 2016.Making the EU a better place to work
Workers’ health and safety
The EU adopts legislation in the field of health and safety at work to complement and support the activities of member states.
The European Framework Directive on Safety and Health at Work sets general principles related to minimum health and safety requirements. It applies to nearly all sectors of public and private activity and defines obligations for employers and employees.
Additionally, there are specific rules covering exposure to dangerous substances, groups of workers suchpregnant women and young workers, specific tasks such as the manual handling of loads and workplaces such as fishing vessels.For example, the directive on the protection of workers from the risks related to carcinogens or mutagens at work is updated regularly, setting exposure limits for specific substances.
EU countries are free to set more stringent standards when transposing EU directives into national law.
With an ageing workforce, the risk of developing health problems has increased. In 2018, MEPs adopted a report proposing measures to facilitate people’s return to the workplace after long-term sick leave and to better include people who are chronically sick or have a disability in the workforce.
Helping recovering people back into the job market
Promoting work-life balance and gender equality
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The European Parliament has always been a strong defender of gender equality. To provide more equal opportunities for men and women and to encourage a better sharing of caring responsibilities, MEPs adopted in 2019 a set of new rules to allow parents and workers taking care of relatives with serious medical conditions so they could establish a better work-life balance.
The directive sets a minimum of 10 days of paternity leave, a minimum of four months' parental leave per parent (of which two are not transferable) and five days of carers’ leave per year and provides for more flexible working arrangements.
Maternity rights are defined in the Pregnant Workers Directive, setting the minimum period for maternity leave at 14 weeks, with two weeks’ compulsory leave before and/or after confinement.
Parliament is also continuously pushing for more measures to combat the gender pay gap, narrow the pension gap and has called for EU rules to tackle mobbing and sexual harassment (26).
Задание 2. Прочитайте пример реферата данной статьи. Сравните первичный и вторичный тексты и выделите приемы компрессии, использованные переводчиком.
ПРИМЕР РЕФЕРАТА СТАТЬИ 1
14.05.2019 КАК ЕС УЛУЧШАЕТ ПРАВА И УСЛОВИЯ ТРУДА РАБОТНИКОВ
How the EU improves workers’ rights and working conditions. News European Parliament. – 2019. – 14.05. – Mode of access: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/priorities/social/201905 06STO44344/how-the-eu-improves-workers-rights-and-working- conditions
Ключевые слова: Европейский Союз (ЕС), рынок труда, права работников, трудовой кодекс.
ЕС ввел минимальные общие стандарты рабочего времени, применимые ко всем государствам-членам. Законодательство ЕС в
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области определения количества рабочих часов устанавливает индивидуальные права для всех работников относительно распределения времени труда и длительности отпусков.
За прошедшие годы в Европе благодаря развитию новых технологий произошли значительные изменения на рынке труда, которые привели к появлению новых форм занятости с увеличением числа временных должностей и нестандартных рабочих мест.
Чтобы защитить всех работников в странах ЕС и их права, депутаты Европарламента приняли в 2019 году новые правила, включающие в себя ограничение продолжительности испытательного срока, введение бесплатного обязательного обучения, запрет ограничительных контрактов и др.
ЕС также хочет, чтобы работники участвовали в принятии решений в своей компании и имели право на получение информации и консультаций. На международном уровне права сотрудников представлены Европейскими рабочими советами, через которые руководство информирует работников и консультирует их по любому важному решению, которое может повлиять на занятость или условия труда.
Правила ЕС о координации систем социального обеспечения государств-членов гарантируют, что люди могут в полной мере воспользоваться своим правом на переезд в другую страну ЕС для учебы, работы или проживания, получая при этом социальные и медицинские льготы.
С целью помощи в применении и обеспечении соблюдения данных прав, в 2019 году было создано Европейское управление по труду.
В 2018 году были также пересмотрены правила ЕС о командировании работников, чтобы обеспечить принцип равной оплаты за равные условия работы.
Для борьбы с безработицей и лучшей координации спроса и предложения на рынке труда по всей Европе парламент одобрил новый закон о модернизации Европейской сети рабочих мест
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(EURES) с общеевропейской базой данных о соискателях и вакансиях в 2016 году.
Европейская рамочная директива по безопасности и гигиене труда устанавливает общие принципы, касающиеся минимальных требований к охране труда и технике безопасности. Она применяется практически ко всем секторам государственной и частной деятельности и определяет обязательства для работодателей и работников.
Отдельные правила касаются воздействия опасных веществ, особых групп работников, ручной обработки грузов, и рабочих мест, таких как рыболовные суда. При этом страны-члены могут свободно устанавливать более строгие стандарты при включении директив ЕС в государственное законодательство.
В связи со старением рабочей силы, в 2018 году депутаты Европарламента предложили меры по содействию возвращению людей на работу после длительного отпуска по болезни и более широкому включению в рабочую силу хронически больных или инвалидов.
Чтобы обеспечить более равные гендерные возможности и способствовать лучшему распределению обязанностей по уходу за близкими, в 2019 году депутаты Европарламента приняли свод новых правил, позволяющих работникам ухаживать за детьми и родственниками с серьезными заболеваниями.
Права по беременности и родам определены в Директиве о беременных женщинах-сотрудниках, устанавливающей минимальный срок отпуска по беременности и родам в 14 недель с обязательным двухнедельным отпуском до и/или после родов.
Парламент также постоянно настаивает на принятии дополнительных мер по борьбе с гендерным и возрастным неравенством в доходах (пенсиях) и призывает ввести правила в ЕС для борьбы с моббингом и сексуальными домогательствами (26).
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