Английский язык. Практикум для студентов заочной формы обучения

7.Экономист работает в плановых, финансовых и статистических органах, на предприятиях, в учреждениях и организациях.

8.Прежде чем стать высококлассным специалистом, способным давать точные прогнозы и эффективные рекомендации, пройдет не один год.

9.Экономисты были и остаются самыми востребованными специалистами на рынке труда.

10.Экономистам гарантирована высокая заработная плата.

Reading 12

Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Money1

Moneyisanyitemorverifiablerecordthatisgenerallyacceptedas payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a particular country or socio-economic context, or is easily converted to such a form. The main functions of money are distinguished as: a medium of exchange; a unit of account; a store of value; and, sometimes, a standard of deferred payment. Any item or verifiable record that fulfills these functions can be considered money.

Money is historically an emergent market phenomenon establishing a commodity money, but nearly all contemporary money systems are based on fiat money. Fiat money, like any check or note of debt, is without intrinsic use value as a physical commodity. It derives its value by being declared by a government to be legal tender; that is, it must be accepted as a form of payment within the boundaries of the country, for “all debts, public and private”. Such laws in practice cause fiat money to acquire the value of any of the goods and services that it may be traded for within the nation that issues it.

Themoneysupplyofacountryconsistsofcurrencyand,depending on the particular definition used, one or more types of bank money.

1 Money // Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Money (дата обращения: 4.05.2016).

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Bank money, which consists only of records, forms by far the largest part of broad money in developed countries.

In Money and the Mechanism of Exchange (1875),William Stanley Jevons famously analyzed money in terms of four functions: a medium ofexchange,acommonmeasureofvalue(orunitofaccount),astandard of value (or standard of deferred payment), and a store of value.

There have been many historical disputes regarding the combination of money’s functions, some arguing that they need more separation and that a single unit is insufficient to deal with them all. One of these arguments is that the role of money as a medium of exchange is in conflict with its role as a store of value: its role as a store of value requires holding it without spending, whereas its role as a medium of exchange requires it to circulate. Others argue that storing of value is just deferral of the exchange, but does not diminish the fact that money is a medium of exchange that can be transported both across space and time. The term “financial capital” is a more general and inclusive term for all liquid instruments, whether or not they are a uniformly recognized tender.

Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения.

1. Money is any item that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services.

2. Money is historically an emergent market phenomenon establishing commodity money.

3.It derives its value by being declared by a government to be legal tender.

4.It must be accepted as a form of payment within the boundaries of the country, for “all debts, public and private”.

5. The money supply of a country consists of currency and, depending on the particular definition used, one or more types of bank money.

6. In Money and the Mechanism of Exchange (1875), William Stanley Jevons famously analyzed money in terms of four functions.

7. There have been many historical disputes regarding the combination of money’s functions.

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8. Money is a medium of exchange that can be transported both across space and time.

Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Money acts as a standard measure and common denomination of trade.

2.It is thus a basis for quoting and bargaining of prices.

3.It is necessary for developing efficient accounting systems.

4.When debts are denominated in money, the real value of debts may change due to inflation and deflation, and for sovereign and international debts via debasement and devaluation.

5.To act as a store of value, money must be able to be reliably saved, stored, and retrieved — and be predictably usable as a medium of exchange when it is retrieved.

6.In economics, money is a broad term that refers to any financial instrument that can fulfill the functions of money.

7.In other words, the money supply is the amount of financial instruments within a specific economy available for purchasing goods or services.

8.Sincethemoneysupplyconsistsofvariousfinancialinstruments, the amount of money in an economy is measured by adding together these financial instruments creating a monetary aggregate.

9.Modern monetary theory distinguishes among different ways to measure the money supply, reflected in different types of monetary aggregates, using a categorization system that focuses on the liquidity of the financial instrument used as money.

10.A unit of account is a standard numerical monetary unit of measurement of the market value of goods, services, and other transactions.

11.Precious metals can be coined from bars, or melted down into bars again.

12.One unit or piece must be perceived as equivalent to any other, which is why diamonds, works of art or real estate are not suitable as money.

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Exercise 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Обычно выделяют несколько функций денег: эталон для товаров, посредник в обращении и некоторые другие.

2. Разнородные товары приравниваются и обмениваются между собой на основании цены.

3.Цена товара выполняет такую же измерительную функцию, как в геометрии длина у отрезков, в физике масса у тел.

4.Денежная единица является эталоном для товаров.

5.Деньги используются в качестве посредника в обращении товаров.

6. При использовании денег товаропроизводитель получает возможность, например, продать свой товар сегодня, а купить сырье лишь через день, неделю, месяц и т. д.

7. При этом производитель может продавать свой товар в одном месте, а покупать нужный ему совсем в другом.

8.Деньги являются средством платежа.

9.Эта функция получает самостоятельное значение для ситуаций нестабильных цен на товары.

10.Данную функцию деньги выполняют также при денежных отношениях с финансовыми органами.

Reading 13

Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Human resource management1

Humanresourcemanagement(HRM,orsimplyHR)isafunction in organizations designed to maximize employee performance in service of an employer’s strategic objectives. HR is primarily concerned with the management of people within organizations, focusing on policies and on systems. HR departments and units in

1 Humanresourcemanagement//Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia.URL:https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-resource-management (дата обращения: 4.05.2016).

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organizations typically undertake a number of activities, including employee benefits design employee recruitment, “training and development”, performance appraisal, and rewarding (e.g., managing pay and benefit systems). HR also concerns itself with industrial relations, that is, the balancing of organizational practices with requirements arising from collective bargaining and from governmental laws.

HR is a product of the human relations movement of the early 20th century, when researchers began documenting ways of creating business value through the strategic management of the workforce. The function was initially dominated by transactional work, such as payroll and benefits administration, but due to globalization, company consolidation, technological advances, and further research, HR as of 2015 focuses on strategic initiatives like mergers and acquisitions, talentmanagement,successionplanning,industrialandlaborrelations, and diversity and inclusion.

In startup companies, trained professionals may perform HR duties. In larger companies, an entire functional group is typically dedicated to the discipline, with staff specializing in various HR tasks and functional leadership engaging in strategic decisionmaking across the business. To train practitioners for the profession, institutions of higher education, professional associations, and companies themselves have established programs of study dedicated explicitly to the duties of the function. Academic and practitioner organizations likewise seek to engage and further the field of HR, as evidenced by several field-specific publications. HR is also a field of research study that is popular within the fields of management and industrial/organizationalpsychology,withresearcharticlesappearing in a number of academic journals, including those mentioned later in this article.

In the current global work environment, most companies focus on loweringemployeeturnoverandonretainingthetalentandknowledge held by their workforce. New hiring not only entails a high cost but also increases the risk of a newcomer not being able to replace the person who worked in a position before. HR departments strive to offer benefits that will appeal to workers, thus reducing the risk of losing corporate knowledge.

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Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения.

1. HR is primarily concerned with the management of people within organizations, focusing on policies and on systems.

2. HR also concerns itself with industrial relations, that is, the balancing of organizational practices with requirements arising from collective bargaining and from governmental laws.

3. HR is a product of the human relations movement of the early 20th century.

4. The function was initially dominated by transactional work, such as payroll and benefits administration.

5. In startup companies, trained professionals may perform HR duties.

6. In the current global work environment, most companies focus on lowering employee turnover and on retaining the talent and knowledge held by their workforce.

7. New hiring not only entails a high cost but also increases the risk of a newcomer not being able to replace the person who worked in a position before.

8. HR departments strive to offer benefits that will appeal to workers, thus reducing the risk of losing corporate knowledge.

Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Within companies, HR positions generally fall into one of two categories: generalist and specialist.

2. Generalists support employees directly with their questions, grievances, and work on a range of projects within the organization.

3. The responsibilities of human resources generalists can vary widely, depending on their employer’s needs.

4.Specialists work in a specific HR function. Some practitioners will spend an entire career as either a generalist or a specialist while others will obtain experiences from each and choose a path later.

5.Human resource consulting is a related career path where individuals may work as advisers to companies and complete tasks outsourced from companies.

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6.In 2007, there were 950 HR consultancies globally, constituting a USD $18,4 billion market.

7.Some individuals with PhDs in HR and related fields, such as industrial and organizational psychology and management, are professors who teach HR principles at colleges and universities.

8.Many professors conduct research on topics that fall within the HR domain, such as financial compensation, recruitment, and training.

9.Several universities offer programs of study pertaining to HR and related fields.

10. The School of Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University was the world’s first school for college-level study in HR.

11.Other universities with entire colleges dedicated to the study of HR include Michigan State University, Purdue University, University of Minnesota, Xavier Labour Relations Institute at Jamshedpur-India, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Renmin University of China and the London School of Economics.

12. Many colleges and universities house departments and institutes related to the field, either within a business school or in another college. Most business schools offer courses in HR, often in their departments of management.

Exercise 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Управление персоналом — это область знаний и практической деятельности, направленная на обеспечение организации качественным персоналом.

2. Управление персоналом является неотъемлемой частью качественных систем управления организации.

3. Управление персоналом подразделяется на следующие сферы деятельности: поиск и адаптация персонала, оперативная и стратегическая работа с персоналом.

4. Оперативная работа с персоналом включает обучение и развитие, оперативную оценку персонала, организацию труда; управление деловыми коммуникациями, мотивацией и оплатой труда.

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5.Профессиональное развитие персонала — это систематическое подкрепление, усовершенствование и расширение спектра знаний.

6.К основным методам управления персоналом относят экономические, организационно-распорядительные и социальнопсихологические методы.

7.Специалист по работе с персоналом — HR-менеджер (специалист по кадрам).

8. Предприятия иногда передают некоторые функции по управлению персоналом специализированным кадровым агентствам.

9. Например, можно передавать кадровым агентствам функции, связные с приемом сотрудников на работу, активно развивается деятельность кадровых агентств по оперативной работе по управлению персоналом в организации.

10. Стратегические вопросы управления персоналом остаются в ведении менеджмента организации.

Reading 14

Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

WhoAre Managers?1

We tend to think about managers based on their position in an organization. This tells us a bit about their role and the nature of their responsibilities. In contrast to the traditional, hierarchical relationship among layers of management and managers and employees, in the contemporary view, top managers support and serve other managers and employees, just as the organization ultimately exists to serve its customers and clients. Empowerment is the process of enabling or authorizing an individual to think, behave, take action, and control work and decision making in autonomous ways.

1 Who Are Managers? // Principles of Management.V1.1. URL: https://catalog. flatworldknowledge.com/lookhub/reader/6?e-fwk-127512-ch01_s01 (дата обращения: 4.05.2016).

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In both the traditional and contemporary views of management, however, there remains the need for different types of managers. Top managers are responsible for developing the organization’s strategy and being a steward for its vision and mission. A second set of managers includes functional, team, and general managers. Functional managers are responsible for the efficiency and effectiveness of an area, such as accounting or marketing. Supervisory or team managers are responsible for coordinating a subgroup of a particular function or a team composed of members from different parts of the organization. Sometimes you will hear distinctions made between line and staff managers.

A line manager leads a function that contributes directly to the products or services the organization creates. For example, a line manager (often called a product, or service manager) at Procter & Gamble (P&G) is responsible for the production, marketing, and profitability of the Tide detergent product line. A staff manager, in contrast, leads a function that creates indirect inputs. For example, finance and accounting are critical organizational functions but do not typically provide an input into the final product or service a customer buys, such as a box of Tide detergent. Instead, they serve a supporting role. A project manager has the responsibility for the planning, execution, and closing of any project. Project managers are often found in construction, architecture, consulting, computer networking, telecommunications, or software development.

Ageneral manager is someone who is responsible for managing a clearly identifiable revenue-producing unit, such as a store, business unit, or product line. General managers typically must make decisions across different functions and have rewards tied to the performance of the entire unit (i.e., store, business unit, product line, etc). General managers take direction from their top executives. They must first understand the executives’ overall plan for the company. Then they set specific goals for their own departments to fit in with the plan. The general manager of production, for example, might have to increase certain product lines and phase out others. General managers must describe their goals clearly to their support staff. The supervisory managers see that the goals are met.

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Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения.

1.Topmanagerssupportandserveothermanagersandemployees, just as the organization ultimately exists to serve its customers and clients.

2. Empowerment is the process of enabling or authorizing an individual to think, behave, take action, and control work and decision making in autonomous ways.

3. Top managers are responsible for developing the organization’s strategy and being a steward for its vision and mission.

4. A line manager at Procter & Gamble is responsible for the production, marketing, and profitability of the Tide detergent product line.

5.Astaffmanager,incontrast,leadsafunctionthatcreatesindirect inputs.

6. A project manager has the responsibility for the planning, execution, and closing of any project.

7.Generalmanagerstypicallymustmakedecisionsacrossdifferent functions and have rewards tied to the performance of the entire unit.

8.Then they set specific goals for their own departments to fit in with the plan.

Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.The manager sets goals for the group, and decides what work needs to be done to meet those goals.

2.The manager divides the work into manageable activities, and selects people to accomplish the tasks that need to be done.

3.The manager creates a team out of his people, through decisions on pay, placement, promotion, and through his communications with the team.

4.The manager establishes appropriate targets and yardsticks, and analyzes, appraises and interprets performance.

5.The top-level manager represents the company legally and socially to those outside of the organization.

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