Английский язык. Практикум для студентов заочной формы обучения
.pdftraining. Colleges and universities mainly provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Individuals who complete tertiary education generally receive certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.
Higher education typically involves work towards a degree-level or foundation degree qualification. In most developed countries a high proportionofthepopulation(upto50%)nowenterhighereducationat some time in their lives. Higher education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy.
University education includes teaching, research, and social services activities, and it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Universities are generally composed of several colleges. In the United States, universities can be private and independent like Yale University; public and state-governed like the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education; or independent but state-funded like the University of Virginiа. A number of career specific courses are now available to students through the Internet.
One type of university education is a liberal arts education, which can be defined as a «college or university curriculum aimed at imparting broad general knowledge and developing general intellectual capacities, in contrast to a professional, vocational, or technical curriculum». Although what is known today as liberal arts education began in Europe, the term «liberal arts college» is more commonly associated with institutions in the United States.
Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения.
1. Education is the process of facilitating learning.
2. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators.
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3. Learners may also educate themselves in a process called autodidactic learning.
4.The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.
5.Education can take place in formal or informal settings.
6.Higher education typically involves work towards a degreelevel or foundation degree qualification.
7.University education includes teaching, research, and social services activities.
8.Anumberofcareerspecificcoursesarenowavailabletostudents through the Internet.
Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Vocational education is a form of education focused on direct and practical training for a specific trade or craft.
2.Vocationaleducationmaycomeintheformofanapprenticeship or internship as well as institutions teaching courses such as carpentry, agriculture, engineering, medicine, architecture and the arts.
3. Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education, for many reasons such as its efficiency and results compared to traditional methods.
4. Cost of education has been an issue throughout history, and a major political issue in most countries today. Online courses often can be more expensive than face-to-face classes.
5. Many large university institutions are now starting to offer free or almost free full courses such as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX.
6. Despite favorable studies on effectiveness, many people may still desire to choose traditional campus education for social and cultural reasons.
7.Presently, many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certificate.
8. Due to the popularity of open education, these new kind of academic certificates are gaining more respect and equal «academic value» to traditional degrees.
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9.In formal education, a curriculum is the set of courses and their content offered at a school or university.
10.An academic discipline is a branch of knowledge which is formallytaught,eitherattheuniversity-orviasomeothersuchmethod.
11.Examples of broad areas of academic disciplines include the natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, social sciences, humanities and applied sciences.
12.Educational institutions may incorporate fine arts as part of K-12 grade curricula or within majors at colleges and universities as electives.
Exercise 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1.Высшее образование не является всеобщим в отличие от начального и среднего.
2.Традиционновысшееобразованиеразделяетсянадваэтапа: бакалавриат и магистратура.
3. В настоящее время в России выпускаются и бакалавры,
имагистры.
4.Магистры считаются выпускниками второй ступени высшего образования.
5.Магистры получают углубленное высшее профессиональное образование.
6.В настоящее время университеты не ведут прием на программы подготовки дипломированных специалистов.
7.Основными учреждениями высшего образования являются университеты, академии, институты и военные училища.
8.Выпускники вузов обычно получают диплом.
9. Аспирантам может быть присуждена ученая степень по итогам защиты кандидатской диссертации.
10.Получениедипломаилиученойстепенизависитотрезультатов научной работы.
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Reading 2
Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
University1
A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various subjects and typically provides undergraduate education and postgraduate education.
The original Latin word “universitas” refers in general to “a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc”. At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, specialised “associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes, prelates, or the towns in which they were located”came to be denominatedby this general term. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members.
In modern usage the word has come to mean “An institution of higher education offering tuition in mainly non-vocational subjects and typically having the power to confer degrees”, with the earlier emphasis on its corporate organization considered as applying historically to Medieval universities.
The original Latin word referred to degree-granting institutions of learning in Western and Central Europe, where this form of legal organisation was prevalent, and from where the institution spread around the world.
By the 18th century, universities published their own research journals and by the 19th century, the German and the French university models had arisen. The German, or Humboldtian model, was conceived by Wilhelm von Humboldt and based on Friedrich Schleiermacher’s liberal ideas pertaining to the importance of freedom, seminars, and laboratories in universities. The French university model involved strict discipline and control over every aspect of the university.
1 University // Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/University (дата обращения: 4.05.2016).
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Until the 19th century, religion played a significant role in university curriculum; however, the role of religion in research universities decreased in the 19th century, and by the end of the 19th century, the German university model had spread around the world. Universities concentrated on science in the 19th and 20th centuries and became increasingly accessible to the masses. In Britain, the move from Industrial Revolution to modernity saw the arrival of new civic universitieswithanemphasisonscienceandengineering,amovement initiated in 1960 by Sir Keith Murray (chairman of the University Grants Committee) and Sir Samuel Curran, with the formation of the University of Strathclyde. The British also established universities worldwide, and higher education became available to the masses not only in Europe.
In 1963, the Robbins Report on universities in the United Kingdom concluded that such institutions should have four main “objectives essential to any properly balanced system: instruction in skills; the promotion of the general powers of the mind so as to produce not mere specialists but rather cultivated men and women; to maintain research in balance with teaching, since teaching should not be separated from the advancement of learning and the search for truth; and to transmit a common culture and common standards of citizenship”.
Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения.
1.The original Latin word “universitas” refers in general to “a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc”.
2.Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members.
3.By the 18th century, universities published their own research journalsandbythe19thcentury,theGermanandtheFrenchuniversity models had arisen.
4.Until the 19th century, religion played a significant role in university curriculum.
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5.The French university model involved strict discipline and control over every aspect of the university.
6.Universities concentrated on science in the 19th and 20th centuries and became increasingly accessible to the masses.
7.The British also established universities worldwide, and higher education became available to the masses not only in Europe.
8.In 1963, the Robbins Report on universities in the United Kingdom concluded that such institutions should have four main objectives essential to any properly balanced system.
Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Universities created by bilateral or multilateral treaties between states are intergovernmental.
2.An example is the Academy of European Law, which offers training in European law to lawyers, judges, barristers, solicitors, in-house counsel and academics.
3.The European University Institute, a post-graduate university specialised in the social sciences, is officially an intergovernmental organisation, set up by the member states of the European Union.
4.Although each institution is organized differently, nearly all universities have a board of trustees; a president, chancellor, or rector; at least one vice president, vice-chancellor, or vice-rector; and deans of various divisions.
5.Universities are generally divided into a number of academic departments, schools or faculties.
6.Public university systems are ruled over by government-run higher education boards.
7.They review financial requests and budget proposals and then allocate funds for each university in the system.
8.They also approve new programs of instruction and cancel or make changes in existing programs.
9.In addition, they plan for the further coordinated growth and development of the various institutions of higher education in the state or country.
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10.However, many public universities in the world have a considerable degree of financial, research and pedagogical autonomy.
11.Private universities are privately funded and generally have broader independence from state policies.
12.However, they may have less independence from business corporations depending on the source of their finances.
Exercise 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Университет — это высшее учебное заведение, где готовятся специалисты по фундаментальным и прикладным наукам.
2. Университеты объединяют в своем составе несколько факультетов.
3.Первым высшим учебным заведением в Европе был Константинопольский университет, основанный в 425 году и получивший статус университета в 848 году.
4. Хотя каждый университет организован по-своему, большинство имеет сходную структуру: попечительский совет, президента, ректора, по меньшей мере одного проректора, а также деканов различных подразделений.
5. Обычно университет состоит из нескольких факультетов или департаментов.
6.Система государственных университетов обычно управляется министерством высшего образования.
7.Министерство высшего образования решает финансовые вопросы и намечает дальнейшее развитие национальной системы высшего образования.
8.Многие государственные университеты имеют значительную самостоятельность в области финансов, в научных исследованиях и в педагогических вопросах.
9.Частные университеты обеспечиваются частными лицами
инезависимы от государства.
10.В университетах имеются библиотеки, спортивные центры, студенческие объединения, компьютерные классы и лаборатории.
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Reading 3
Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Universities around the world1
Thefundingandorganizationofuniversitiesvarieswidelybetween differentcountriesaroundtheworld.Insomecountriesuniversitiesare predominantly funded by the state, while in others funding may come from donors or from fees which students attending the university must pay. In some countries the vast majority of students attend university intheirlocaltown,whileinothercountriesuniversitiesattractstudents from all over the world, and may provide university accommodation for their students.
The definition of a university varies widely, even within some countries.Wherethereisclarification,itisusuallysetbyagovernment agency.
InAustralia, theTertiary Education Quality and StandardsAgency (TEQSA) is Australia’s independent national regulator of the higher education sector. Students rights within University are also protected by the Education Services for Overseas Students law (ESOS).
In the United States there is no nationally standardized definition fortheterm‘University’,althoughthetermhastraditionallybeenused to designate research institutions and was once reserved for doctorategranting research institutions. Some states, such as Massachusetts, will only grant a school “university status” if it grants at least two doctoral degrees.
In the United Kingdom, the Privy Council is responsible for approvingtheuseoftheword“university”inthenameofaninstitution, under the terms of the Further and Higher EducationAct 1992.
In India, a new designation deemed universities has been created for high-performing universities, giving them additional autonomy. Through this provision many universities that are commercial in nature and have been established just to exploit the demand for higher education have sprung up.
1 University // Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/University (дата обращения: 4.05.2016).
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In Canada, “college” generally refers to a two-year, non-degree- granting institution, while “university” connotes a four-year, degreegranting institution. Universities may be sub-classified (as in the Macleans rankings) into large research universities with many PhD granting programs and medical schools (for example, McGill University); “comprehensive” universities that have some PhDs but aren’t geared toward research (such as Waterloo); and smaller, primarily undergraduate universities (such as St. Francis Xavier).
Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения.
1. The funding and organization of universities varies widely between different countries around the world.
2. In some countries the vast majority of students attend university in their local town.
3. While in other countries universities attract students from all over the world, and may provide university accommodation for their students.
4. In Australia, the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA) is Australia’s independent national regulator of the higher education sector.
5. Some states, such as Massachusetts, will only grant a school “university status” if it grants at least two doctoral degrees.
6. In the United Kingdom, the Privy Council is responsible for approvingtheuseoftheword“university”inthenameofaninstitution, under the terms of the Further and Higher EducationAct 1992.
7.InIndia,anewdesignationdeemeduniversitieshasbeencreated for high-performing universities, giving them additional autonomy.
8.In Canada, “college” generally refers to a two-year, non-degree- granting institution, while “university” connotes a four-year, degreegranting institution.
Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University or simply Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford,
England.
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2.While having no known date of foundation, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world’s second-oldest surviving university.
3.The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges and a full range of academic departments which are organised into four divisions.
4.All the colleges are self-governing institutions as part of the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities.
5. Being a city university, it does not have a main campus; instead, all the buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre.
6.Most undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly tutorials at the self-governing colleges and halls, supported by classes, lectures and laboratory work provided by university faculties and departments.
7.Oxford is the home of several notable scholarships, including the Clarendon Scholarship which was launched in 2001 and the Rhodes Scholarship which has brought graduate students to study at the university for more than a century.
8.The university is a «city university» in that it does not have a main campus; instead, colleges, departments, accommodation, and other facilities are scattered throughout the city centre.
9.The Science Area, in which most science departments are located, is the area that bears closest resemblance to a campus.
10.The ten-acre (4 hectare) Radcliffe Observatory Quarter in the northwest of the city is currently under development. However, the larger colleges’sites are of similar size to these areas.
11.Iconic university buildings include the Radcliffe Camera, the Sheldonian Theatre used for music concerts, lectures, and university ceremonies; and the Examination Schools, where examinations and some lectures take place.
12.In 2012–13, the university built the controversial one-hectare (400×25 m) Castle Mill development of 4–5-storey blocks of student flats overlooking Cripley Meadow and the historic Port Meadow, blocking views of the spires in the city centre.
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