Английский язык. Практикум для студентов заочной формы обучения
.pdf6.In some countries, the negotiating and drafting of contracts is considered to be similar to the provision of legal advice, so that it is subject to the licensing requirement explained above.
7.Lawyers in some civil law countries traditionally deprecated «transactional law» or «business law» as beneath them.
8.In some jurisdictions, all real estate transactions must be carried out by a lawyer or a solicitor where that distinction still exists.
9.In many countries, only lawyers have the legal authority to draft wills, trusts, and any other documents that ensure the efficient disposition of a person’s property after death.
10.In the United States, the estates of the deceased must generally be administered by a court through probate.American lawyers have a profitable monopoly on dispensing advice about probate law.
11. In many civil law countries, prosecutors are trained and employed as part of the judiciary; they are law-trained jurists, but may not necessarily be lawyers in the sense that the word is used in the common law world.
12. In common law countries, prosecutors are usually lawyers holdingregularlicenseswhosimplyhappentoworkforthegovernment office that files criminal charges against suspects.
Exercise 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1.Юрист — это специалист по правоведению, юридическим наукам.
2.Понятие «юрист» объединяет всех людей, занимающихся разнородной профессиональной юридической деятельностью.
3.Это судьи, прокуроры, следователи, адвокаты, нотариусы, юристы в организациях, юристы, занимающиеся частной практикой и другие.
4.В Российской Федерации юристом может быть лицо, получившее среднее или высшее профессиональное юридическое образование.
5.Юрист может оказывать правовую помощь и юридические услуги по гражданским, налоговым, трудовым, семейным, наследственным, жилищным и другим делам в области права.
61
6.Статус адвоката необходим юристу только для осуществления защиты по уголовному делу.
7.В Вооруженных Силах России военные юристы замещают должности в органах военной прокуратуры, в юстиции, в военных судах.
8.Кроме того, военные юристы замещают должности среди профессорско-преподавательского состава военных вузов.
9. Во многих странах есть профессиональные праздники юристов.
10. Например, в России с 2008 года установлен День юриста — 3 декабря.
Reading 7
Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
The Role of a Lawyer1
When people hear the word lawyer being spoken, they usually think of an individual who goes to court everyday and stands before a judge defending the freedom of another individual. This is true in some cases; however, there are many different types of lawyers with a variety of job responsibilities and duties. No matter what type of lawyer one may be they ultimately have an extremely important role in the lives of others.
Alawyer is an individual who defends a person or entity in various legal proceedings. The legal proceedings may fall into a variety of different categories yet most are either considered criminal litigation or civil litigation.The lawyer is a person who acts on behalf of another and voices the opinion of their client in a manner which is in their best interest.
There are many different general responsibilities of a lawyer. This individual will represent clients in court, mediations, business
1 The Role of a Lawyer // JT Trainung and Consulting-Exforsys. URL: https:// www.exfosys.com/career-center/career-tracks/the-role-of-a-lawyer.html (дата обращения: 4.05.2016).
62
transactions and other important legal proceedings or arrangements where the law will be discussed. The lawyer meets with the clients before, during and after legal proceedings to ensure that the client fully understands all aspects of their case. In general, the lawyer is the individual who represents another in all issues where legal representation is advised and deemed necessary.
A lawyer has many duties relevant to their occupation. One important duty that the lawyer must perform in their profession is maintaining client contact. Lawyers always represent someone, whether it is an individual or entity, and therefore it is important that the lawyer report all progress and pertinent information to their client in order to keep them well informed.
Another specific duty of lawyers is to provide in-person representation at court hearings and other legal proceedings. Whether the lawyer is involved with criminal litigation or civil litigation, there is most likely going to be some form of legal proceeding that they must attend on behalf of their client.The lawyer in this duty will speak on behalf of the client and advise the client on how to proceed.
As stated earlier, the role of a lawyer is not simply to appear in court and argue passionately on behalf of the client. There is a multitude of background work which lawyers must do in order to adequately prepare a case or pursue a legal matter. There are many legal documents that need to be drafted and although paralegals and legal secretaries can draft some of these documents, there are still many lawyers who choose to do so themselves.
Contact with clients is not the only type of conversation which lawyers must have with individuals. Lawyers spend a great deal of time talking on the phone, negotiating, sending email and mail correspondence and faxing pertinent documents to and from involved parties. Again, paralegals and legal secretaries can help with this voluminous task but lawyers should try to do as much as they can themselves whenever possible and be sure to review all documents before they leave their office. There are certain duties which must be performed by the lawyers themselves, such as negotiating with opposing parties, for example.
Another important duty which lawyers engage in on a frequent basis is research. There are many different forms of research which
63
lawyers can do such as researching statutes, procedural rules, evidence, pertinent documentation and more. A large portion of a lawyer’s time is spent reviewing and compiling research to aid them in the representation of a client.
Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения.
1. A lawyer is an individual who defends a person or entity in various legal proceedings.
2. The legal proceedings may fall into a variety of different categories yet most are either considered criminal litigation or civil litigation.
3. This individual will represent clients in court, mediations, business transactions and other important legal proceedings.
4. The lawyer meets with the clients before, during and after legal proceedings to ensure that the client fully understands all aspects of their case.
5. Another specific duty of lawyers is to provide in-person representation at court hearings and other legal proceedings.
6. There are many legal documents that need to be drafted and although paralegals and legal secretaries can draft some of these documents.
7. Lawyers spend a great deal of time talking on the phone, negotiating, sending email and mail correspondence and faxing pertinent documents to and from involved parties.
8. There are many different forms of research which lawyers can do such as researching statutes, procedural rules, evidence, pertinent documentation and more.
Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Alawyer who can articulate effectively is one who will be more likely to succeed not only against opposing parties in court but also to impress and put their client at ease as well.
2.Another trait which lawyers should have is intelligence.
64
3.A lawyer who uses their brain is more likely to see the best possible outcome from a case.
4.It can arguably be said that those who become lawyers are individuals who like to read.
5.If one does not favor reading, then becoming a lawyer may not be the best bet, as the legal field is one which requires massive amounts of reading.
6.Good comprehension skills are another favorable trait which all lawyers should have. Although one who likes to read may be a candidate for the legal profession, this in and of itself means nothing if the person reading does not comprehend that which they just read.
7.People who have good comprehension skills may prosper at being a lawyer as they will have to read the pertinent documentation much less than those without good comprehension skills.
8.Agood personality and willingness to work well with others are two additional positive traits which all lawyers should possess.
9.Negotiations go much better when the lawyers put their best foot forward and are willing to come to an amicable solution.
10.Persuasiveness is an additional trait which all lawyers should possess.
11.Since the legal profession is based around lawyers persuading individuals to see their point of view, a lawyer must be persuasive in their speech and tactics.
12. Lawyers are individuals who have a wide range of responsibilities and duties when it comes to their profession.
Exercise 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1.Юрист — это специалист в отрасли права.
2.Он знает законы и правовые нормы, умеет их использовать
испособен обучать их основам других.
3.Это эксперт в области юриспруденции, который может занимать любую правовую должность, от адвоката до судьи.
4.Юрист — специалист, который свободно владеет информацией о законодательных базах.
65
5.Фактически он собирает доказательства и улики, на основании которых принимает решения.
6.Данная сфера настолько обширна, что юристов классифицируют по основам направленности.
7.Они выступают в роли защитников, обвинителей, экспертов, профессоров и судей.
8.Карьера юриста обычно не имеет динамичного развития.
9.Работая в коммерческой структуре, вы можете стать начальником юридического отдела.
10.Многие юристы пытаются стать сотрудниками прокуратуры — это одна из самых высокооплачиваемых отраслей правовой деятельности.
Reading 8
Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Tourism1
Tourism is travel for recreation, leisure, religious, family or business purposes, usually for a limited duration. Tourism is commonly associated with international travel, but may also refer to travel to another place within the same country. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people “traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes”.
Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country’s balance of payments. Today, tourism is a major source of income for many countries, and affects the economy of both the source and host countries, in some cases being of vital importance.
Tourism suffered as a result of a strong economic slowdown of the late-2000s recession, between the second half of 2008 and the end
1 Tourism // Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Tourism (дата обращения: 4.05.2016).
66
of 2009, and the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus, but slowly recovered. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.03 trillion (€740 billion) in 2011, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 3,8 % from 2010. International tourist arrivals surpassed the milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in 2012, the same year in which China became the largest spender in international tourism globally with US$102 billion, surpassing Germany and United States. China and emerging markets such as Russia and Brazil had significantly increased their spending over the previous decade.
Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many countries. Its importance was recognized in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980 as “an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational, and economic sectors of national societies and on their international relations”.
Tourism brings in large amounts of income into a local economy in the form of payment for goods and services needed by tourists, accounting for 30 % of the world’s trade of services, and 6 % of overall exports of goods and services. It also creates opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy associated with tourism.
The service industries which benefit from tourism include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships, and taxicabs; hospitality services, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts; and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos, shoppingmalls,musicvenues,andtheatres.Thisisinadditiontogoods bought by tourists, including souvenirs, clothing and other supplies.
Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения.
1. Tourism is travel for recreation, leisure, religious, family or business purposes.
2.Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity.
3.Today, tourism is a major source of income for many countries.
4.Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many countries.
67
5.Its importance was recognized in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980.
6.Tourism brings in large amounts of incomeinto a local economy in the form of payment for goods and services.
7.It also creates opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy.
8.China became the largest spender in international tourism globally.
Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Many leisure-oriented tourists travel to seaside resorts at their nearest coast. Coastal areas in the tropics are popular both in the summer and winter.
2.It was, however, only in the 1970s when winter tourism took over the lead from summer tourism in many of the Swiss ski resorts.
3.Major ski resorts are located mostly in the various European countries, Canada, the United States Lebanon, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Chile, andArgentina.
4.In the United States, the first seaside resorts in the European style were atAtlantic City, New Jersey and Long Island, New York.
5.There has been an up-trend in tourism over the last few decades, especially in Europe, where international travel for short breaks is common.
6.Some people prefer simple beach vacations, while others want more specialised holidays, quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays or niche market-targeted destination hotels.
7.The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as jumbo jets, low-cost airlines and more accessible airports have made many types of tourism more affordable.
8.There have also been changes in lifestyle, for example some retirement-age people sustain year round tourism.
9.Also, on 26 December 2004, a tsunami, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, hit theAsian countries on the Indian Ocean, including the Maldives.
68
10. In Continental Europe, early seaside resorts include: Heiligen damm, founded in 1793 at the Baltic Sea, being the first seaside resort.
11.Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low-impact and small-scale.
12.It helps educate the traveler; provides funds for conservation; directlybenefitstheeconomicdevelopmentandpoliticalempowerment of local communities.
Exercise 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1.Туризм — это путешествия людей в другую страну на срок от 24 часов до 6 месяцев в течение одного календарного года.
2.Человека, совершающего путешествие, называют туристом или путешественником.
3. С древнейших времен множество людей отправлялись в путешествия с целью познания мира и открытия новых терри торий.
4.Зарождению массового туризма способствовало развитие промышленности, а как следствие — разграничение свободного времени, появление оплачиваемых отпусков.
5.Первые высококлассные гостиницы появились в Германии
иШвейцарии в начале XIX века.
6.Во второй половине XIX века появились бюро путешествий, которые организовывали туристические поездки и реализовывали их потребителю.
7.С 50–60-х годов XX века началось активное развитие туристических фирм, массовое строительство гостиниц и разного рода увеселительных заведений.
8.Европейский туризм был ориентирован на прием американских гостей.
9.Туризм становится стилем жизни, усиливается тенденция к расширению ассортимента услуг, появлению новых объектов рекреации.
10.Популярными становятся индивидуальные туры, экологический и спортивный туризм.
69
Reading 9
Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
WhatAre The Different Types Of Tourism?1
Traveling is one effective way to see the world, experience new cultures and meet new people at the same time. For many tourists, however, traveling accomplishes many other purposes that don’t even have anything to do with the joy of visiting a new place. This is why there are many different types of tourism that explain why tourists choose a particular destination and the things that they expect to do when they are there.
Perhaps the most common type of tourism is what most people associate with traveling: Recreation tourism. This is when people go to a place that is very different from their regular day-to-day life to relax and have fun. Beaches, theme parks and camp grounds are often the most common places frequented by recreational tourists.
If the objective of one’s visit to a particular place is to get to know its history and culture then this type of tourism is known as cultural tourism. Tourists may visit different landmarks of a particular country or they may simply opt to focus on just one area.They may also attend festivals and ceremonies in order to gain a better understanding of the people, their beliefs and their practices.
For tourists who want to see wildlife or bask in the joy of just being in the midst of nature, nature tourism is the answer. Ecotourism and nature treks are all part of this kind of tourism. Bird watching, for example, is one activity that nature tourists are fond of doing. What marks this kind of tourism is that it is environmentally responsible, has low impact and advantageous to the local community.
Many people today are stressed out in the corporate rat race and in need of rejuvenation.Thus, they go on trips that refresh their souls and spirits. This is called pleasure tourism and usually includes yoga workshops and detox vacations, among others. Others, however, de-stress by engaging in a particular sport. Called sports tourism,
1 WhatAreTheDifferentTypesOfTourism?//Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career (дата обращения: 4.05.2016).
70