Английский язык. Практикум для студентов заочной формы обучения

Exercise 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1.Оксфордский университет расположен в городе Оксфорд, Великобритания.

2.Это старейший англоязычный университет в мире, а также первый университет в Великобритании.

3.Точная дата основания Оксфордского университета неизвестна.

4.Обучение в Оксфорде велось еще с 1096 года.

5.Университет состоит из 38 колледжей.

6. Экзамены, большинство лекций и лабораторных занятий организованы централизованно, а колледжи проводят индивидуальные занятия со студентами и семинары.

7. Сейчас в Оксфорде учится более 20 тысяч студентов, около четверти из них — иностранные студенты.

8. Женщин в Оксфорд начали принимать только в 1920-х годах.

9.Штат преподавателей Оксфорда огромен — почти 4 тысячи человек, из них 70 — члены Королевского общества, более 100 — члены Британской Академии.

10.Основные направления подготовки студентов — гуманитарное, математическое, физическое, социальные науки, медицина, науки о жизни и окружающей среде.

Reading 4

Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Career1

Career is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as a person’s “course or progress through life (or a distinct portion of life)”. In this definition career is understood to relate to a range of aspects

1 Career // Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Career (дата обращения: 4.05.2016).

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of an individual’s life, learning and work. Career is also frequently understood to relate to the working aspects of an individuals life e.g. as in career woman. A third way in which the term career is used to describe an occupation or a profession that usually involves special training or formal education, and is considered to be a person’s lifework. In this case “a career” is seen as a sequence of related jobs usually pursued within a single industry or sector e.g. “a career in law” or “a career in the building trade”.

By the late 20th century, a wide range of choices and more widespread education had allowed it to become possible to plan a career: in this respect the careers of the career counselor and of the career advisor have grown up. It is also not uncommon for adults in the late 20th early 21st centuries to have dual or multiple careers, either sequentially or concurrently.

Career management describes the active and purposeful management of a career by an individual. Key skills include the ability to reflect on one’s current career, research the labour market, determine whether education is necessary, find openings, and make career changes.

There are a range of different educational, counseling and human resource management interventions that can support individuals to develop and manage their careers. Career support is commonly offered while people are in education, when they are transitioning to the labour market, when they are changing career, during periods of unemployment, and during transition to retirement. Support may be offered by career professionals, other professionals or by non-professionals such as family and friends. Professional career support is sometimes known as “career guidance”.

The activities may take place on an individual or group basis, and may be face-to-face or at a distance. They include career information provision, assessment and self-assessment tools, counseling interviews, career education programmes, taster programmes, work search programmes, and transition services. However this use of the term “career guidance” can be confusing as the term is also commonly used to describe the activities of career counselors.

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Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения.

1.Career is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as a person’s “course or progress through life”.

2.By the late 20th century, a wide range of choices and more widespread education had allowed it to become possible to plan a career.

3. Career management describes the active and purposeful management of a career by an individual.

4.Therearearangeofdifferenteducational,counselingandhuman resource management interventions that can support individuals to develop and manage their careers.

5. Support may be offered by career professionals, other professionals or by non-professionals such as family and friends.

6. Professional career support is sometimes known as “career guidance”.

7. The activities may take place on an individual or group basis, and may be face-to-face or at a distance.

8.They include career information provision, assessment and selfassessment tools, counseling interviews.

Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Part of choosing an appropriate career path involves making an honest self-evaluation of your talents, abilities and interests.

2.While elements of your path may change over time due to choice or circumstance, having an overall professional objective with which to guide yourself will help you make critical decisions with greater clarity.

3.When you have an idea of the career path you want to pursue, it can help you make the best decisions about your training and education.

4.Understanding the requirements of your chosen path will allow you to plan to prepare yourself for the career you want.

5.A career path is just that — a journey, rather than a single onetime decision. Every career path has milestones along the way.

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6.If you want to pursue a career as a chef, you may start working in a restaurant busing tables when you’re in high school, working as a waiter in college, attending a culinary arts school and then taking an entry-level job as a prep chef.

7.Understanding the chronological steps of a career path will help you make decisions about how to go about building experience and working your way through the ranks of your chosen occupation.

8.When you choose a career path, you position yourself to look far into the future at your ultimate objectives.

9.This can help you identify positions you want to hold and income levels you want to achieve.

10.It can also help to guide you in building your personal and professional networks in the industry in which you’re interested.

11.Having long-term goals in place will help you stay focused on your ultimate career objectives, rather than moving aimlessly from job to job.

12.Your choice of profession can dictate where you live and may affect if and when you marry and have a family.

Exercise 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Карьера — это успешное продвижение в области служебной, социальной, научной и другой деятельности.

2. Карьера это цепь событий, которая составляет жизнь, последовательность профессиональных занятий и прочих жизненных ролей.

3. Карьера тесно связана как с индивидуальной, так и с социальной сутью человека.

4. Предварительный этап карьеры включает учебу в школе, среднее и высшее образование и обычно длится до 25–28 лет.

5. За этот период человек может сменить несколько мест учебы или различных работ в поисках вида деятельности.

6. Далее наступает этап становления, он длится примерно пять лет от 25 до 30 лет.

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7.В этот период работник осваивает выбранную профессию и приобретает необходимые навыки.

8.Этап продвижения длится от 30 до 45 лет, в это время идет процесс роста квалификации и непосредственно продвижение по карьерной лестнице.

9.Этап завершения деловой карьеры длится от 60 до 70 лет.

10.Человек готовится к уходу на пенсию.

Reading 5

Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Law1

Law is a system of rules that are enforced through social institutions to govern behaviour. Laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes, by the executive through decrees and regulations, or by judges through binding precedent. Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people.

A general distinction can be made between (a) civil law jurisdictions, in which the legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates their laws, and (b) common law systems, where judge-made precedent is accepted as binding law.

The adjudication of the law is generally divided into two main areas referred to as (i) Criminal law and (ii) Civil law. Criminal law deals with conduct that is considered harmful to social order and in which the guilty party may be imprisoned or fined. Civil law deals

1 Law // Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Law (дата обращения: 4.05.2016).

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with the resolution of lawsuits (disputes) between individuals or organizations. These resolutions seek to provide a legal remedy (often monetary damages) to the winning litigant. Under civil law, the following specialties, among others, exist: Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus ticket to trading on derivatives markets. Property law regulates the transfer and title of personal property and real property. Trust law applies to assets held for investment and financialsecurity.Tortlawallowsclaimsforcompensationifaperson’s property is harmed. Constitutional law provides a framework for the creation of law, the protection of human rights and the election of political representatives. Administrative law governs what executive branchagenciesmayandmaynotdo,proceduresthattheymustfollow to do it, and judicial review when a member of the public is harmed by an agency action. International law governs affairs between sovereign states in activities ranging from trade to military action. To implement and enforce the law and provide services to the public by public servants, a government’s bureaucracy, military, and police are vital. While all these organs of the state are creatures created and bound by law, an independent legal profession and a vibrant civil society inform and support their progress.

Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения.

1.Law is a system of rules.

2.Private individuals can create legally binding contracts.

3.The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways.

4.The adjudication of the law is generally divided into two main

areas.

5.Civil law deals with the resolution of lawsuits between individuals or organizations.

6.Trust law applies to assets held for investment and financial security.

7.International law governs affairs between sovereign states.

8.Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus ticket to trading on derivatives markets.

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Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Law provides a rich source of scholarly inquiry into legal history, philosophy, economic analysis and sociology.

2. Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, and justice.

3. The history of law links closely to the development of civilisation.

4.Ancient Egyptian law, dating as far back as 3000 BC, contained a civil code that was probably broken into twelve books.

5.The Old Testament dates back to 1280 BC and takes the form of moral imperatives as recommendations for a good society.

6.Ancient Greek law contained major constitutional innovations in the development of democracy.

7.Roman law was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy, but its detailed rules were developed by professional jurists and were highly sophisticated.

8.InmedievalEngland,royalcourtsdevelopedabodyofprecedent which later became the common law.

9.The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution for a country, containing 444 articles, 12 schedules, numerous amendments and 117,369 words.

10.AncientIndiaandChinarepresentdistincttraditionsoflaw,and have historically had independent schools of legal theory and practice.

11.The current legal infrastructure in the People’s Republic of ChinawasheavilyinfluencedbySovietSocialistlaw,whichessentially inflates administrative law at the expense of private law rights.

12.Due to rapid industrialisation, today China is undergoing a process of reform, at least in terms of economic, if not social and political, rights.

Exercise 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Закон — это нормативный правовой акт, который принимается представительным (законодательным) органом государственной власти.

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2.НиодиниззаконовнедолженпротиворечитьКонституцииРФ. 3. Конституция РФ также является отдельным правовым

актом не законодательной природы.

4.Закон — это нормативный акт, принятый высшим органом государственной власти в установленном Конституцией порядке.

5.Закон обладает высшей юридической силой по отношению

кдругим нормативным актам.

6.Проект становится законом после принятия и утверждения его высшим законодательным органом государственной власти.

7. Закон — это нормативный акт, регулирующий наиболее важные общественные отношения.

8.Закон — это общественные нормы, созданные для нормального существования государства и граждан.

9.Обеспечение действия законов является основной задачей государства и правительства.

10.Законодательство субъектов Российской Федерации строится по тому же принципу, что и федеральное законодательство.

Reading 6

Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Lawyer1

A lawyer is a person who practices law, as a barrister, judge, attorney, counsel (counselor at law) or solicitor. Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems, or to advance the interests of those who hire lawyers to perform legal services.

The educational prerequisites for becoming a lawyer vary greatly from country to country. In some countries, law is taught by a faculty of law, which is a department of a university’s general

1 Lawyer // Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Lawyer (дата обращения: 4.05.2016).

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undergraduate college. Law students in those countries pursue a Master or Bachelor of Laws degree. In some countries it is common or even required for students to earn another bachelor’s degree at the same time.

In other countries, particularly the UK and USA, law is primarily taught at law schools. In the United States and countries following the American model, (such as Canada with the exception of the province of Quebec) law schools are graduate/professional schools where a bachelor’s degree is a prerequisite for admission. Most law schools are part of universities but a few are independent institutions. Law schools in the United States award graduating students a J.D. (Juris Doctor / Doctor of Jurisprudence) (as opposed to the Bachelor of Laws) as the practitioner’s law degree. Many schools also offer postdoctoral law degrees such as the LL.M (Legum Magister / Master of Laws), or the S.J.D. (Scientiae Juridicae Doctor / Doctor of Juridical Science) for students interested in advancing their research knowledge and credentials in a specific area of law.

The methods and quality of legal education vary widely. Some countries require extensive clinical training in the form of apprenticeships or special clinical courses. Others, like Venezuela, do not. A few countries prefer to teach through assigned readings of judicial opinions followed by intense in-class cross-examination by the professor. Many others have only lectures on highly abstract legal doctrines, which forces young lawyers to figure out how to actually think and write like a lawyer at their first apprenticeship or job. Depending upon the country, a typical class size could range from five students in a seminar to five hundred in a giant lecture room.

Some countries, particularly industrialized ones, have a traditional preference for full-time law programs, while in developing countries, students often work fullor part-time to pay the tuition and fees of their part-time law programs.

Law schools in developing countries share several common problems, such as an over reliance on practicing judges and lawyers who treat teaching as a part-time hobby; incompetent faculty with questionable credentials; and textbooks that lag behind the current state of the law by two or three decades.

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Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения.

1.A lawyer is a person who practices law, as a barrister, judge, attorney, counsel (counselor at law) or solicitor.

2.In some countries, law is taught by a faculty of law.

3.Inothercountries,particularlytheUKandUSA,lawisprimarily taught at law schools.

4.Most law schools are part of universities.

5.Law schools in the United States award graduating students a J.D. as the practitioner’s law degree.

6.Some countries require extensive clinical training in the form of apprenticeships or special clinical courses.

7.A typical class size could range from five students in a seminar to five hundred in a giant lecture room.

8.Some countries have a traditional preference for full-time law programs.

Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Legal advice is the application of abstract principles of law to the concrete facts of the client’s case in order to advise the client about what they should do next.

2.In many countries, only a properly licensed lawyer may provide legal advice to clients for good consideration, even if no lawsuit is contemplated or is in progress.

3. In other countries, jurists who hold law degrees are allowed to provide legal advice to individuals or to corporations, and it is irrelevant if they lack a license and cannot appear in court.

4.In virtually all countries, patents, trademarks, industrial designs and other forms of intellectual property must be formally registered with a government agency in order to receive maximum protection under the law.

5.The division of such work among lawyers, licensed non-lawyer jurists/agents, and ordinary clerks or scriveners varies greatly from one country to the next.

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