Английский язык. Практикум для студентов заочной формы обучения

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, formulated and oversaw economic policy during the initial years of the country’s existence. 22. ___ The policy of concentrating simultaneously on capitaland technology-intensive heavy industry and subsidising manual, low-skill cottage industries was criticised by economist Milton Friedman. 23. ___ The rate of growth of the Indian economy in the first three decades after independence was referred to as the Hindu rate of growth, because of the unfavourable comparison with growth rates in otherAsian countries, especially the EastAsianTigers.

Since 1965, the use of high-yielding varieties of seeds, increased fertilisers and improved irrigation facilities collectively contributed to the Green Revolution in Indiа. 24. ___ However, it has also been criticised as an unsustainable effort, resulting in the growth of capitalistic farming, ignoring institutional reforms and widening income disparities.

In the late 1970s, the government led by Morarji Desai eased restrictions on capacity expansion for incumbent companies, removed price controls, reduced corporate taxes and promoted the creation of small scale industries in large numbers. 25. ___ The collapse of the Soviet Union, which was India’s major trading partner, and the Gulf War, which caused a spike in oil prices, resulted in a major balance- of-payments crisis for India, which found itself facing the prospect of defaulting on its loans.

A)He thought it would waste capital and labour, and retard the development of small manufacturers.

B)Domestic policy tended towards protectionism, with a strong emphasis on import substitution, industrialisation, economic interventionism, a large public sector, business regulation, and central planning, while trade and foreign investment policies were relatively liberal.

C)This improved the condition of agriculture by increasing crop productivity, improving crop patterns and strengthening forward and backward linkages between agriculture and industry.

D)Yet, British government was reluctant to give its former colony any financial support.

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E)But the subsequent government policy of Fabian socialism hampered the benefits of the economy, leading to high fiscal deficits and a worsening current account.

F)He expected favorable outcomes from this strategy, involving the rapid development of heavy industry by both public and private sectors, and based on direct and indirect state intervention, rather than the more extreme Soviet-style central command system.

Task 5. Прочитайте текст. В каждой из пронумерованных строчек (26–30) есть лишнее слово, найдите его и напишите на листе для ответов.

26.A Dutch tourist has finally returned to home after five months stranded in a Brazilian airport.

27.Sheridan Gregorio was been stuck at Fortaleza airport after he spent all his money on holiday. He had

28.a return ticket to get home but did not realise that he also had to pay off airport tax.After missing his

29.flight, he was told he had also had lost his ticket because it was non-refundable. With no money, Mr

30.Gregorio had to sleep in the airport and clean restaurants in exchange for the food and some money.

Task 6. Составьте предложения, соблюдая правильный порядок слов. Напишите предложение на листе для ответов.

31.choose/one/both/for/you/are/and/models/very/can/good/ either / free!

32.guy / you / looking / do / strange / that / know?

33.idea / I / about / are / have / you / no / talking / what!

34.article / you / can’t / I / am / I / the / afraid / help / with.

35.decision / and / consideration / further / made / that / was / in / a / requires / hurry.

36.increased / share / through / their / they / market / have / other / companies / taking / over?

37.you / option / solve / not / the / our / will / problems / suggest.

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38. Manager / involved / the / the / was/ all / Production / not / discussion / in / at.

39.the / me / at / experiment / will / least / assist / you / with?

40.comply / did / requirements / strategy / however / with / company / not / the / market / the.

Вариант 2

Task 1. Выберите правильную грамматическую форму. Напишите буквуA, B или C на листе для ответов.

1. I _______ anybody there, when I ________ from the office.

A) didn’t see / return B) didn’t see / returned C)saw/hadreturned

2. When you cross the park, you _____ a broad street. Turn to the left

3. You ________ the documents at the airport. They are not ready yet.

5. According to the schedule, we _______________ the terms of payment tomorrow. Not now.

A) are to discuss B) might discuss C) ought to discuss

6. Have a look at the sky. All these clouds... It _________ rain quite soon!

A) ought to B) can C) may

7. When I was eight, we used __________ in a small village to the South from here.

A) lived B) to living С) to live

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8. The problems, ___________ at such seminars, usually cover the issues of quantum mechanics.

A) discussed B) being discussed C) discussing

9. By ___________ him, you automatically signed your resignation,

10. Unfortunately, I know nothing about his whereabouts. If I ______,

Task 2. Прочитайте предложения. Выберите подходящее по смыслу слово.

11. What you say is totally _________! He can’t be involved in that

12. Our new _______ focuses on how advertising affects youngsters. A) study B) learning C) project

13. The company has serious staffing problems and urgently needs a new _________ manager.

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Task 3. Прочитайте текст и выберите правильные утверждения. Напишите букву А, В или С на листе для ответов.

Forms of Ownership

The most common form of ownership is a sole proprietorship — that is, a business owned by one individual. At the beginning of the 21st century, there were more than 17 million sole proprietorships in the United States. These businesses have the advantage of being easy to set up and to dissolve because few laws exist to regulate them. Proprietors, as owners, also maintain direct control of their businesses and own all their profits. On the other hand, owners of proprietorships are personally responsible for all business debts and, because they are constrained by the limits of their personal financial resources, they may find it difficult to expand or increase their profits.

A partnership is an association of two or more people who operate a business as co-owners. There are different types of partners. A general partner is active in the operation of a business and is liable for all of its debts. A limited partner, by contrast, invests in a business but is not involved in its daily operations. Partnerships, like sole proprietorships, are relatively easy to establish. Furthermore, partners can pool financial resources to fund expansion and can divide their duties and responsibilities according to personal expertise and abilities. However, partnerships may entail substantial financial risks, as all of the general partners are liable for the debts of the business. And unlike proprietorships, disagreements among partners can harm partnership businesses.

A corporation is a legal entity that exists as distinct from the individuals who control and invest in it. As a result, a corporation can continue indefinitely through complete changes of ownership, leadership, and staffing. Current owners can sell their holdings to other individuals or, if they die, have their assets transferred to heirs. This is possible because a corporation creates shares of stock that are sold to investors. One strength of the corporate business structure is that stockholders have limited liability, as opposed to the unlimited liability of general partners, so they cannot lose more than their initial investment. Investors may also easily buy and sell stocks of public

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corporations through stock exchanges. By offering stock publicly, a corporation enables anyone with some money to buy the stock and become a part-owner of the company. As a result, corporations can more easily raise capital for business expansion than can sole proprietorships and most partnerships.

Investors control a corporation through the election of a managing body, known as a board of directors. In a large corporation, investors collectively decide who will oversee the operation of the enterprise. In turn, the board chooses a president, who decides on the key company personnel and helps formulate company strategy.

Many corporations are highly successful business organizations, with profits far exceeding those of many sole proprietorships and partnerships. However, they traditionally have higher tax burdens than other kinds of businesses.Also, the fees involved in creating and organizing a corporation can be expensive.

16.The most widespread kind of business is a _______.

A)sole trader

B)partnership

C)corporation

17.One of the disadvantages of a partnership is that its members can

_______.

A)combine their finance

B)divide responsibility

C)argue with each other

18.The text does not say that corporations can _______.

A)more easily raise capital

B)avoid taxes

C)completely change the management

19.Shareholders have the opportunity to _______.

A)change the top management

B)oversee the daily operation of a firm

C)formulate company strategy

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20. According to the text, the main disadvantage of a corporation is

_______.

A)its inability to attract new investors

B)high fees and taxes

C)exceeding profits

Task 4. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски предложениями отAдо F. Одно предложение в списке лишнее. Напишите буквуA, B, C, D, E, или F на листе для ответов.

Merchandisers

Merchandisers are businesses that help move goods through a channel of distribution—that is, the route goods take in reaching the consumer. 21. ___

Awholesalerisamerchandiserwhopurchasesgoodsandthensells them to buyers, typically retailers, for the purpose of resale.Aretailer is a merchandiser who sells goods to consumers. A wholesaler often purchases products in large quantities and then sells smaller quantities of each product to retailers who are unable to either buy or stock large amounts of the product. 22. ___ For example, a wholesaler might purchase 5,000 pairs of work gloves and then sell 100 pairs to 50 different retailers. Some largeAmerican discount chains serve as their own wholesalers. 23. ___

The division between retailing and wholesaling is now being blurredbynewtechnologiesthatallowretailingtobecomeaneconomy of scale. Telephone and computer communications allow retailers to serve far greater numbers of customers in a given span of time than is possible in face-to-face interactions between a consumer and a retail salesperson. Computer networks such as the Internet, because they do not require any physical communication between salespeople and customers, allow a nearly unlimited capacity for sales interactions known as 24/7, and for as many transactions as the network can handle. 24. ___ But a customer can purchase a pair of shoes through a computer interface with a retailer in a matter of seconds.

Computertechnologyalsoprovidesretailerswithanothereconomy of scale through the ability to sell goods without opening any physical

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stores, often referred to as electronic commerce or e-commerce.

25.___

A)Merchandisers may be involved in wholesaling or retailing, or sometimes both.

B)For example, a typical transaction to purchase a pair of shoes at a shoe store may take a half-hour from browsing, to fitting, to the transaction with a cashier.

C)Wholesalers operate somewhat like large, end-product manufacturing firms, benefiting from economies of scale.

D)However, wholesalers are unable to use modern telecommunications in order to reach new customers.

E)Retailers that provide goods entirely through Internet transactions do not incur the expense of building ‘brick-and-mortar’ stores or the expense of maintaining them.

F)Thesecompaniesgodirectlytofactoriesandothermanufacturing outlets, buy in large amounts, and then warehouse and ship the goods to their stores.

Task 5. Прочитайте текст. В каждой из пронумерованных строчек (26–30) есть лишнее слово, найдите его и напишите на листе для ответов.

26.Britain’s newspapers have played off their annualApril Fool’s jokes on their readers with a series of hoax

27.stories. «The Sun» reckons gipsies have established a camp on the Queen’s grass at the Windsor Castle

28.using a 650-year-old law. The paper says the gipsies claim on to be descended from the original builders

29.of the castle who got permission to put their tents there from a King Edward III. «The Mirror» reckons

30.sheep are being used to cut the grass at the new Wembley football stadium. It says if the natural fertiliser of their droppings has reduced the need for chemicals, meaning less allergic reaction on players.

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C. TESTS OF BUSINESS VOCABULARY

Вариант 1

Выберите правильное слово. Напишите букву А, В или С на листе для ответов.

1.An individual can ___ money from a bank to buy a home. A) make B) borrow C) lend

2. He felt financially able to resign from the university and ___ all his time to painting.

A) waste B) devote C) spend

3. Everything is half price in our local shop , because the owner will

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