Английский язык. Практикум для студентов заочной формы обучения
.pdftravelers here target places which are known for a particular sporting facility.Skiing,forexample,isatypeofsportstourism.Alsoincluded in this category are those who go to a destination to experience a sports spectacle such as the Olympics, FIFAWorld Cup and others.
Religious tourism is another type of tourism where people go to a religious location or locations to follow the footsteps of their founder or to attend a religious ceremony. Catholics, for example, go on pilgrimages in the Holy Land to experience the paths where Jesus walked.
Medicalorhealthtourismisarelativelynewtypeoftouristactivity where the main focus of the travel is improving one’s health, physical appearance or fitness. For instance, certain countries promote the expertise of their doctors and surgeons in the field of cosmetic surgery and invite foreigners to have their liposuction, facelift, nose lift and other forms of cosmetic procedures to be done there. Medical tourism also incorporates aspects of recreation tourism where the patient goes to a relaxing getaway to recover from the procedure.
Adventure tourism is another type of tourism that is catered for those who want to do more than just visit regular tourist sites. These kinds of trips involve challenging activities like rock climbing, mountain climbing and wild water rafting.
It should be noted that there are no strict delineations when tourists go on their trips. These kinds of tourism often overlap so it’s not unusual for travelers to experience more than one type of tourism in one vacation.
Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения.
1.Traveling is one effective way to see the world, experience new cultures and meet new people at the same time.
2.Beaches, theme parks and camp grounds are often the most common places frequented by recreational tourists.
3.Tourists may visit different landmarks of a particular country or they may simply opt to focus on just one area.
4.Bird watching is one activity that nature tourists are fond of
doing.
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5.Many people today are stressed out in the corporate rat race and in need of rejuvenation.
6.Religious tourism is another type of tourism where people go to a religious location or locations to follow the footsteps of their founder or to attend a religious ceremony.
7.Medical tourism also incorporates aspects of recreation tourism where the patient goes to a relaxing getaway to recover from the procedure.
8.Medical or health tourism is a relatively new type of tourist activity where the main focus of the travel is improving one’s health, physical appearance or fitness.
Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Tourists may travel to experience a change in climate and place and learn something new, enjoy pleasant scenery, or to know more about the culture of a destination.
2.Nowadays tourists undertake various adventure sports activities for leisure and to refresh themselves after working hard.
3.Cultural tourism is also called as heritage tourism. People are curious to know about foreign lands and their cultures.
4.Modern religious tourists are more able to visit holy cities and holysitesaroundtheworld.ThemostfamousholycitiesareJerusalem, Mecca and Varanasi.
5.People have been travelling for centuries to improve and rebuild their health and stamina.
6.Today, many people travel great distances to exotic locations or health care facilities in faraway countries, in search of medical treatment and care.
7.Sports Tourism refers to travel which involves either viewing or participating in a sporting event staying apart from their usual environment.
8.Normally these kinds of events are the motivators that attract visitors to visit the events like Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup. Sports tourism can be adventurous also.
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9. Adventure sport tourism is more challenging because it takes the tourists into regions which are less frequently visited and may not have easy access.
10. Educational tourism developed, because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge and the enhancing of technical competency outside of the classroom environment.
11. In educational tourism, the main focus of the tour visiting anothercountrytolearnabouttheculture,suchasinStudentExchange Programs and Study Tours, organizing specialized lectures of the eminent personalities and for research.
12.Alternative tourism aims at seeking a change from impersonal, traditional tourism to establishing cardinal rapport between visitors and the local community.
Exercise 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1.Туризм «стихийного бедствия» является своего рода парадоксом.
2.Естьлюди,предпочитающиеоказатьсявсамомцентрестихийного бедствия или же наблюдать за последствиями этих катастроф.
3.Темный туризм — это путешествие по наиболее мрачным и зловещим историческим местам на нашей планете.
4.«Приведенческий туризм» включает в себя общеизвестные места обитания потусторонних созданий: заброшенные шахты, мельницы, железнодорожные станции.
5.Их можно найти по всей Канаде, Америке и Австралии, широко известные места: Джонстаун, Гайаны и Чернобыль.
6.Один из наиболее сомнительных видов альтернативного туризма включает в себя путешествия по трущобам всемирно известных городов (Рио-де-Жанейро, Каир, Манила и Мехико).
7.Такой туризм приносит непосредственный доход бедным районам и их обитателям.
8.Поп-туризм отличается от других видов туризма.
9.Речь идет о путешествиях по местам, которые описаны в любимыхфильмах,показанывфильмах,телевизионныхшоуит.д.
10.Любители фильма «Звездные войны» посещают места, где были сняты самые значительные эпизоды фильма.
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Reading 10
Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Economics1
Economics is the social science that seeks to describe the factors which determine the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.
The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek. “Political economy” was the earlier name for the subject, but economists in the late 19th century suggested “economics” as a shorter term for “economic science” to establish itself as a separate discipline outside of political science and other social sciences.
Economics focuses on the behavior and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Consistent with this focus, primary textbooks often distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines the behavior of basic elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their interactions, and the outcomes of interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, and sellers. Macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy and issues affecting it, including unemployment of resources (labor, capital, and land), inflation, economic growth, and the public policies that address these issues (monetary, fiscal, and other policies).
Other broad distinctions within economics include those between positive economics, describing “what is”, and normative economics, advocating “what ought to be”; between economic theory and applied economics; between rational and behavioral economics; and between mainstream economics and heterodox economics.
Besides the traditional concern in production, distribution, and consumption in an economy, economic analysis may be applied throughoutsociety,asinbusiness,finance,healthcare,andgovernment. Economic analyses may also be applied to such diverse subjects as crime, education, the family, law, politics, religion, social institutions,
1 Economics // Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Economics (дата обращения: 4.05.2016).
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war, science, and the environment. Education, for example, requires time, effort, and expenses, plus the foregone income and experience, yet these losses can be weighted against future benefits education may bring to the agent or the economy. At the turn of the 21st century, the expanding domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism.
Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения.
1. The term economics comes from theAncient Greek. 2. “Political economy” was the earlier name for the subject.
3.Economicsfocusesonthebehaviorandinteractionsofeconomic agents and how economies work.
4.Economists in the late 19th century suggested “economics” as a shorter term for “economic science”.
5.Individual agents may include households, firms, buyers, and sellers.
6.Microeconomics examines the behavior of basic elements in the economy.
7. Macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy and issues affecting it.
8. Economic analyses may also be applied to such diverse subjects as crime, education, the family, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, science, and the environment.
Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.The amount of unemployment in an economy is measured by the unemployment rate, the percentage of workers without jobs in the labour force.
2.People who are retired, pursuing education, or discouraged from seeking work by a lack of job prospects are excluded from the labor force.
3.Unemploymentcanbegenerallybrokendownintoseveraltypes that are related to different causes.
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4.Money is a means of final payment for goods in most price system economies and the unit of account in which prices are typically stated.
5.As a medium of exchange, money facilitates trade.
6.It is essentially a measure of value and more importantly, a store of value being a basis for credit creation.
7.International trade studies determinants of goods-and-services flows across international boundaries.
8.Mostmajoruniversitiesandmanycollegeshaveamajor,school, or department in which academic degrees are awarded in the subject, whether in the liberal arts, business, or for professional study.
9.In the private sector, professional economists are employed as consultants and in industry, including banking and finance.
10.Economists also work for various government departments and agencies, for example, the national Treasury, Central Bank or Bureau of Statistics.
11.The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (commonly known as the Nobel Prize in Economics) is a prize awarded to economists each year for outstanding intellectual contributions in the field.
12.Economics is one social science among several and has fields bordering on other areas, including economic geography, economic history, public choice, energy economics, cultural economics, family economics and institutional economics.
Exercise 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1.Экономика — это хозяйственная деятельность общества.
2.Экономика — это также совокупность отношений, складывающихся в системе производства, распределения, обмена и потребления.
3.Экономический рост определяют как увеличение реального производства продукции в национальной экономике за определенный период времени (за месяц, квартал, год).
4.В отличие от экономического развития, экономический рост — количественный показатель.
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5.Экономический рост тесно связан с ростом общего благосостояния: ростом продолжительности жизни, качества медицинского обслуживания, уровня образования, сокращением продолжительности рабочего дня и т. д.
6.Экономика — это совокупность отношений, связанных с производством и всей хозяйственной деятельностью людей.
7.По характеру этих отношений, по формам и методам ведения хозяйства различают, например, экономику рыночную и административно-командную, традиционную и смешанную.
8.Экономика это хозяйство отдельного региона, страны, группы стран, всего мира.
9.Экономикой также называют научную дисциплину, изучающую какую-либо область хозяйственной жизни общества.
10.Экономика — это любая деятельность людей, связанная с обеспечением материальных условий жизни.
Reading 11
Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Economist1
An economist is a professional in the social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this field there are many sub-fields, ranging from the broad philosophical theories to the focused study of minutiae within specific markets, macroeconomic analysis, microeconomic analysis or financial statement analysis, involving analytical methods and tools such as econometrics, statistics, economics computational models, financial economics, mathematical finance and mathematical economics. A generally accepted interpretation in academia is that an economist is one who has attained a PhD in economics, teaches economic science, and has published literature in a field of economics.
1 Economist // Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Economist (дата обращения: 4.05.2016).
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Most major universities have an economics faculty, school or department, where academic degrees are awarded in economics. However, many prominent economists come from a background in mathematics, business, political science, law, sociology, or history. Getting a PhD in economics takes six years, on average, with a median of 5.3 years.
Economists work in many fields including academia, government and in the private sector, where they may also “…study data and statistics in order to spot trends in economic activity, economic confidencelevels,andconsumerattitudes.Theyassessthisinformation usingadvancedmethodsinstatisticalanalysis,mathematics,computer programming. They make recommendations about ways to improve the efficiency of a system or take advantage of trends as they begin.
In contrast to regulated professions such as engineering, law or medicine, there is not a legally required educational requirement or licenseforeconomists.Inacademia,tobecalledaneconomistrequires a PhD degree in Economics. In the US government, on the other hand, a person can be hired as an economist provided that they have a degree that included or was supplemented by 21 semester hours in economics and three hours in statistics, accounting, or calculus.
Aprofessional working inside of one of many fields of economics or having an academic degree in this subject is often considered to be an economist. In addition to government and academia, economists are also employed in banking, finance, accountancy, commerce, marketing, business administration, lobbying and nonor not-for profit organizations.
Politicians often consult economists before enacting economic policy, and many statesmen have academic degrees in economics.
Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения.
1.An economist is a professional in the social science discipline of economics.
2.Most major universities have an economics faculty, school or department, where academic degrees are awarded in economics.
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3.Getting a PhD in economics takes six years, on average, with a median of 5,3 years.
4.Economistsworkinmanyfieldsincludingacademia,government and in the private sector.
5. They assess this information using advanced methods in statistical analysis, mathematics, computer programming.
6.There is not a legally required educational requirement or license for economists.
7.Aprofessionalworkinginsideofoneofmanyfieldsofeconomics or having an academic degree in this subject is often considered to be an economist.
8.Politicians often consult economists before enacting economic policy, and many statesmen have academic degrees in economics.
Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Economics graduates are employable in varying degrees, depending on the regional economic scenario and labour market conditions at the time for a given country.
2.Apart from the specific understanding of the subject, employers value the skills of numeracy and analysis, the ability to communicate and the capacity to grasp broad issues which the graduates acquire at the university or college.
3.Whilst only a few economics graduates may be expected to become professional economists, many find it a base for entry into a career in finance — including accounting, insurance, tax and banking, or management.
4.According to the United States Department of Labor, there were around 15,000 non-academic economists in the United States in 2008, with a median salary of roughly $83,000, and with the top ten percent earning more than $147,040 annually.
5.About 135 colleges and universities grant about 900 new PhDs every year.
6.Incomes are highest for those in the private sector, followed by the federal government, with academia paying the lowest incomes.
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7.As of January 2013 PayScale.com showed PhD economists’ salary ranges as follows: All PhD economists, $61,000 to $160,000; PhD corporate economists, $71,000 to $207,000; economics full professors, $89,000 to $137,000; economics associate professors, $59,000 to $156,000, and economics assistant professors, $72,000 to $100,000
8.The largest single professional grouping of economists in the UK are the more than 1000 members of the Government Economic Service, who work in 30 government departments and agencies.
9.Analysis of destination surveys for economics graduates from a number of selected top schools of economics in the United Kingdom, showsnearly80percentinemploymentsixmonthsaftergraduation— with a wide range of roles and employers, including regional, national and international organisations, across many sectors.
10. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, established by Sveriges Riksbank in 1968, is a prize awarded to economists each year for outstanding intellectual contributions in the field of economics.
11. The prize winners are announced in October every year. 12. They receive their awards (a prize amount, a gold medal and
a diploma) on December 10, the anniversary ofAlfred Nobel’s death.
Exercise 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1.Экономист — это специалист в области экономики, эксперт по экономическим вопросам.
2.Экономист — это специалист по сбору, обработке, упорядочению информации об экономических явлениях и процессах.
3.Должностные обязанности представителей этой профессии заключаются в исследовании, планировании и экономическом сопровождениифинансово-хозяйственнойдеятельностикомпании.
4. Экономист осуществляет экономический анализ хозяйственной деятельности организации.
5. Экономист решает задачи, связанные с планированием, организацией и анализом хозяйственной деятельности предприятий и учреждений.
6.Экономистсоставляетдокументыпериодическойотчетности.
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