Английский язык. Практикум для студентов заочной формы обучения
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3. Основная задача таких специалистов — исследование спроса на производимую продукцию и организация ее сбыта.
4.Кроме того, часто перед маркетологом стоит задача выяснить, чем именно привлекают покупателя определенные товар или услуга, как можно повысить их потребительские свойства.
5.Работа маркетолога очень разнообразна, также как разнообразны и товары, которые производятся и продаются в современном мире.
6.Маркетологи сегодня необходимы любой фирме, заинтересованной в продвижении и сбыте своей продукции.
7.Отделы маркетинга есть в банках, промышленных холдингах, торговых фирмах.
8.Маркетологи востребованы и в специализированных консалтинговых компаниях, которые оказывают услуги по проведению маркетинговых исследований.
9.Маркетолог оценивает, какая продукция будет пользоваться спросом и почему.
10.Маркетолог предлагает пути продвижения нового товара или возможности увеличения продаж уже существующих, собирает и анализирует статистическую информацию, оценивает действия конкурентов.
Reading 17
Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Company1
A company is an association or collection of individuals, whether naturalpersons,legalpersons,oramixtureofboth.Companymembers share a common purpose and unite in order to focus their various talents and organize their collectively available skills or resources to achieve specific, declared goals. Companies take various forms such as: voluntary associations which may include nonprofit organization,
a group of soldiers, business entities with an aim of gaining a profit, financial entities and banks.
1 Company // Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Company (дата обращения: 4.05.2016).
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A company or association of persons can be created at law as legal person so that the company in itself can accept Limited liability for civil responsibility and taxation incurred as members perform to discharge their duty within the publicly declared “birth certificate” or published policy.
Because companies are legal persons, they also may associate and register themselves as companies — often known as a corporate group. When the company closes it may need a “death certificate” to avoid further legal obligations.
A company can be defined as an “artificial person”, invisible, intangible, created by or under law, with a discrete legal entity, perpetual succession and a common seal. It is not affected by the death, insanity or insolvency of an individual member.
In the United States, a company may be a “corporation, partnership, association,joint-stockcompany,trust,fund,ororganizedgroupofpersons, whether incorporated or not, and (in an official capacity) any receiver, trustee in bankruptcy, or similar official, or liquidating agent, for any of the foregoing”. In the US, a company is not necessarily a corporation.
In English law and in legal jurisdictions based upon it, a company is a body corporate or corporation company registered under the CompaniesActsorsimilarlegislation.Commonformsinclude:private companies limited by guarantee, companies without share capital (often non-profit entities), private companies limited by shares — the most common form of company, public limited companies — companies, usually large, which are permitted to (but do not have to) offer their shares to the public, for example on a stock exchange.
In Britain a partnership is not legally a company, but may sometimes be referred to informally as a company. It may be referred to as a firm.
Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения.
1. A company is an association or collection of individuals, whether natural persons, legal persons, or a mixture of both.
2. Companies take various forms such as: voluntary associations whichmayincludenonprofitorganization,agroupofsoldiers,business entities with an aim of gaining a profit, financial entities and banks.
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3.Because companies are legal persons, they also may associate and register themselves as companies — often known as a corporate group.
4.A company can be defined as an “artificial person”, invisible, intangible, created by or under law, with a discrete legal entity, perpetual succession and a common seal.
5. In the United States, a company may be a corporation, partnership,association,joint-stockcompany,trust,fund,ororganized group of persons.
6. In English law and in legal jurisdictions based upon it, a company is a body corporate or corporation company registered under the CompaniesActs or similar legislation.
7. Public limited companies are large companies, which are permitted to offer their shares to the public, for example on a stock exchange.
8. In Britain a partnership is not legally a company, but may sometimes be referred to informally as a company.
Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Acompany limited by guarantee may be with or without having share capital.
2.The members guarantee the payment of certain amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation, but otherwise they have no economic rights in relation to the company.
3. A limited company is a «company in which the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount individually invested» with corporationsbeing«themostcommonexampleofalimitedcompany».
4.This type of company is common in England and many Englishspeaking countries.
5. The owners of a company are normally referred to as the «members».
6. In a company limited or unlimited by shares (formed or incorporated with a share capital), this will be the shareholders.
7.In a company limited by guarantee, this will be the guarantors.
8. Some offshore jurisdictions have created special forms of offshore company in a bid to attract business for their jurisdictions.
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9.Private companies do not have publicly traded shares, and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares.
10.Public companies are companies whose shares can be publicly traded, often on a stock exchange.
11.Aparent company is a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operations by influencing or electing its board of directors.
12.The definition of a parent company differs by jurisdiction, with the definition normally being defined by way of laws dealing with companies in that jurisdiction.
Exercise 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1.Компания — это корпоративное предприятие, которое является юридическим лицом, в отличие от ее участников.
2.Компания оперирует как самостоятельная единица, успеха которой добиваются все ее члены.
3. Инкорпорированная компания является юридическим лицом со своими собственными правами.
4.Компания может иметь ограниченную ответственность, это значит, что ответственность членов компании по ее долгам ограничена.
5.Компания с неограниченной ответственностью — это компания, ответственность членов которой ничем не ограничена.
6.Акционерная компания — это компания, в которой участники объединяют свой капитал и проводят коммерческие операции на основе этого объединенного капитала.
7.Зарегистрированная компания (то есть компания, зарегистрированная в соответствии с законами о компаниях) является наиболее распространенным видом компаний.
8.Компания может быть зарегистрирована либо как публичная компания с ограниченной ответственностью, либо как частная компания.
9.Публичная компания с ограниченной ответственностью должна иметь уставный капитал не менее 50 000 ф. ст.
10.Акции частной компании не могут быть проданы широкому населению.
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Reading 18
Exercise 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
What is a company?1
When you incorporate a company, you are creating a separate legal entity to carry on business.
Every company has certain basic elements: a name which has been reserved by the Registrar of Companies, at least one share, one shareholder and one director, a registered office where the company records are kept, an address for service where legal documents can be served, the Registrar will also ask for an address for communication.
Although it is common to speak of a ‘limited liability company’ the company is liable in full for all obligations that it incurs. It is in fact the liability of the shareholders that is limited — they are only liable for any unpaid money owing on their shares (subject to any personal guarantees given).
The difference between an unlimited company and a limited liability company is important. Most applicants want to form a limited liabilitycompanywhereshareholdersareliableonlyforwhattheyhave agreed to pay for their shares — unless they later take on a personal liability under a guarantee to a bank or major supplier, for example — hence the limited in limited liability and with the company name ending with the full word Limited. Having an unlimited company, means shareholders will have an ultimate liability at the conclusion of a liquidation to pay debts the company cannot pay. An unlimited company will have to have a constitution to state that the shareholders’ liability is unlimited. Unlimited companies are rare.
Companies, once registered, have the status of incorporated.
Acompany comes into existence after it is incorporated under the Companies Act 1993. Once incorporated it is recognised in law as an independent legal entity (a body corporate). This means it is treated as being a separate ‘person’ from its directors and shareholders. It can therefore do many of the same things as a natural person — for
1 What is a company? // Business.govt.nz. URL: https://www.business.govt.nz/ companies/lean-about/companies/what-is-a-company (дата обращения: 4.05.2016).
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example, hold property in its own name, enter contracts, sue and be sued, etc.
Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения.
1.When you incorporate a company, you are creating a separate legal entity to carry on business.
2.Every company has certain basic elements.
3.Although it is common to speak of a ‘limited liability company’ the company is liable in full for all obligations that it incurs.
4.The difference between an unlimited company and a limited liability company is important.
5.Most applicants want to form a limited liability company where shareholders are liable only for what they have agreed to pay for their shares.
6.Having an unlimited company, means shareholders will have an ultimate liability at the conclusion of a liquidation to pay debts the company cannot pay.
7.A company comes into existence after it is incorporated under the CompaniesAct 1993.
8.It can therefore do many of the same things as a natural person.
Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Companies are regulated by the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC).
2.The ASIC is an independent government body that administers the CorporationsAct.
3.Most companies fall into two categories, depending on the type of liability that can be imposed on the owners.
4.Acompany limited by shares, limits the liability of shareholders to the value of their shares.
5.This structure is suitable for most trading businesses and can be a private company or a public company.
6.A company limited by guarantee, most often used by nontrading organisations, for example, sporting clubs.
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7.Sharescaneitherbeavailabletothegeneralpublicortheprivate owners.
8.If the shares are available to the public it is called a «public» company.
9.If the shares are available to private owners it is called a private (proprietary) company.
10.Shelf companies are «sold» by services that simultaneously register a number of companies and then sell them «off the shelf».
11.They suit people who have straightforward requirements for their company structure.
12.All companies must lodge an annual return with the ASIC not later than January 31.
Exercise 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1.Перед регистрацией компании следует четко определить, какая именно форма учреждения в данной коммерческой ситуации является наиболее оптимальной для предпринимателя.
2.Будет ли это торговая или же холдинговая компания?
3.Возможно, лучше регистрировать лицензированную страховую или брокерскую компанию.
4.Абсолютное большинство работающих на международном рынке нерезидентных компаний имеет статус торговой фирмы.
5.При этом слово «торговая» вовсе не означает, что компания будет только покупать и перепродавать товар.
6.Предприниматель может заниматься производством, осуществлятьперевозкугрузов,организоватьтуристическиепоездки или дает консультации.
7.Если предприниматель занимается коммерческой деятельностью в широком смысле этого понятия, его компания будет иметь статус торговой.
8.Холдинговая компания — это структура, владеющая акциями других предприятий, денежными или другими ценностями.
9.Холдинговая компания имеет право выступать в качестве источника финансирования своих дочерних фирм и предприятий.
10.Холдинговая компания сама не ведет прямой производственной и коммерческой деятельности.
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ANSWER KEY. TESTS
A. INITIALTESTS
Вариант 1
1. B |
10. C |
19. C |
2.A |
11. C |
20A |
3.A |
12.A |
21. B |
4. C |
13.A |
22.A |
5. B |
14. B |
23. C |
6.A |
15. B |
24. B |
7. B |
16.A |
25.A |
8. B |
17.A |
|
9. C |
18. C |
|
26.There is a museum in this street.
27.His brother finishes his work at 6 o’clock.
28.Is your room cleaned every day?
29.Where have you put my gloves?
30.They did not invite Ben to the birthday party.
31.A |
36. |
B |
32. B |
37. |
D |
33. C |
38. |
C |
34. B |
39. |
F |
35. B |
40. |
E |
Вариант 2
1.A |
6.A |
11.A |
2. C |
7. B |
12. C |
3. B |
8. C |
13.A |
4. B |
9. C |
14.A |
5. B |
10.A |
15. C |
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16. C |
20. B |
24. C |
17. C |
21. C |
25.A |
18.A |
22.A |
|
19.A |
23.A |
|
26.Susan is making a new dress for her birthday party.
27.Everybody listened to the lecture with great attention.
28.Are you fond of going to the theatre?
29.What kind of book has your friend brought you?
30.I shall not be allowed to go to the theater.
31. C |
36. E |
|
32. B |
37.A |
|
33. B |
38. |
B |
34. B |
39. |
F |
35.A |
40. |
C |
B. TESTS OF GRAMMAR, VOCABULARY AND READING
Вариант 1
1. B |
11. C |
21. |
B |
2.A |
12.A |
22. |
F |
3. C |
13. B |
23.A |
|
4. C |
14.A |
24. |
C |
5.A |
15. C |
25. E |
|
6. B |
16. B |
26. to |
|
7.A |
17.A |
27. been |
|
8. B |
18. C |
28. off |
|
9. C |
19. B |
29. had |
|
10.A |
20.A |
30. the |
|
31.Both models are very good and you can choose either one for free!
32.Do you know that strange looking guy?
33.I have no idea what you are talking about!
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34.I am afraid I can’t help you with the article.
35.Thatdecisionwasmadeinahurryandrequiresfurtherconsideration.
36.Have they increased their market share through taking over other companies?
37.The option you suggest will not solve our problems.
38.The Production Manager was not involved in the discussion at all.
39.Will you at least assist me with the experiment?
40.The company strategy, however, did not comply with the market requirements.
Вариант 2
1. B |
11. C |
21.A |
|
2. C |
12.A |
22. |
C |
3. B |
13. B |
23. |
F |
4. C |
14. C |
24. |
B |
5.A |
15.A |
25. E |
|
6. C |
16.A |
26. off |
|
7. C |
17. C |
27. the |
|
8.A |
18. B |
28. on |
|
9. C |
19.A |
29. a |
|
10. B |
20. B |
30. if |
|
31.The latest issue contains some interesting details of the accident.
32.He is a good friend of mine and deserves better reception.
33.I am afraid there is no way I can help you.
34. Do you have any idea how much time I have invested it the project?!
35.That department store will be opened next week.
36.I hope he was not accused of the murder he did not commit!
37.Will you be free tomorrow to help me with some heavy things?
38.That is a very strange thing to ask about.
39.That option seems to be the best one.
40.Is there somewhere we can talk in private?
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