Reader with exercises (книга для чтения на английском языке с лексико-грамматическими упражнениями). Учебное пособие

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HYDRAULICS

HYDROTECHNICS

Water is necessary for all vital processes. It plays very important part in economic life of the people and in the economy of the country. Water resources of the globe are very enormous, but they are distributed very unevenly.

The use of water for the need of the people requires much labour in order to utilize it in a proper place, in necessary quantity and of necessary quality. Water is required for domestic and industrial use and for irrigation of crops in areas of limited rainfall. Water may be used to produce power, as a means of recreation and as a branch of transport.

The science in the use of water resources for different purposes in the economy of the country and also in the fight against the harmful water calamities by means of the use of the special engineering constructions and devices is called hydrotechnics (hydraulic engineering).

Hydrotechnics (hydraulic engineering) is closely connected with hydrology which helps us to know the characteristics, regime and discharge of the stream which are very important to take into consideration in the design of the project. The design of the hydro-projects involves the application of the fundamentals of such sciences as mechanics of solids, geology, mechanics of fluids, hydrology, building materials, etc.

Hydraulic structures usually have curved or warped surfaces. Such structures are relatively massive as compared with buildings and bridges. For the construction of hydro projects we use all conventional building materials such as: earth, clay, clayey silt, gravel, sand, timber, tile, asphaltic compounds, concrete, reinforced (ferro) concrete, and most of the other building materials.

All hydro-engineering projects are divided into:

1)river hydro-projects which are erected on the rivers;

2)pond projects;

3)the sea projects.

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According to the character of interaction with the stream or reservoir all hydrotechnical projects are classified as:

1)impounding structures, i.e. different dams, embankments, levees, dykes (dikes), and cofferdams on rivers, lakes, and seas, sluices and different constructions which are damming natural or artificial (manmade) streamflows, hydro-power stations, inlet and outlet plants;

2)regulating constructions which serve the purposes of regulating water discharge and the influence of the flood on the banks of the river and the river bed;

3)headwater constructions which include channels, tunnels, headrace water supply systems.

Test to the text «Hydrotechnics»

I. Подберите эквиваленты (синонимы) из правого столбца к словам, данным в столбце слева.

II. Подберите слова, соответствующие по смыслу приведенным предложениям.

1. Water resources of the globe are distributed...

a) usually b) differently c) unevenly d) closely

e)regularly

2.Water may be used to produce...

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3. Hydraulic structures usually have curved or warped...

4. For the construction of hydro projects we use all conventional…

III. Соотнесите глагол с нужным существительным.

IV. Соотнесите английский вариант с русским.

1. Hydraulic structures are relatively massive as compared with

buildings and bridges.

А. Гидравлические конструкции относительно массивны, не считая зданий и мостов.

В. Гидравлические конструкции относительно массивны по сравнению со зданиями и мостами.

2.Water is necessary for all vital processes.

A.Вода необязательна для всех жизненных процессов.

B.Вода необходима для всех жизненных процессов.

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3.Water is required for domestic and industrial use.

A.Вода требуется для бытового и промышленного использования.

B.Вода желательна для бытового и промышленного использования.

V. Укажите предложения, в которых глагол «to be» является вспомогательным для образования страдательного залога.

1.Water resources of the globe are distributed unevenly.

2.Water may be used to produce power.

3.That is the design of the hydro-projects that involves the application of many sciences.

4.The surfaces of hydraulic structures are usually curved.

5.Hydrotechnics is closely connected with hydrology.

VI. Определите, чем является подчеркнутое слово.

1.After dividing all hydro-engineering projects into some groups, we considered (examined) them carefully.

2.Such impounding structures as dams, embankments, cofferdams on rivers, lakes, and seas are well known to everybody.

3.Hydraulic constructions serve the purposes of regulating water discharge.

a) Participle I b) Verbal noun c) Gerund

4. Water resources are enormous, but they are distributed very une-

5. Water may be used to produce power, as a means of recreation and

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VII. Завершите предложения.

1. The use of water for the need of the people requires…

a) curved surfaces b) pond projects c) much labour

2.The science about the use of water resources for different purposes and also about the fight against harmful water calamities by means of special engineering constructions and devices is

2.What does the design of the hydro-project involve?

a)the application of different sciences

b)the damming of streamflows

c)the character of interaction

3.What surfaces do hydraulic structures usually have?

4.What is water required for?

a)for domestic and industrial use

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b)for the fight against the harmful water calamities

c)for channels and tunnels

5.What helps us to know the characteristics, regime and discharge

IX. Какое из приведенных ниже утверждений является верным?

1.The use of water for the need of the people does not require much labour.

2.Water may be used to produce power.

3.Hydraulic structures are not massive as compared with bridges.

4.For the construction of hydro-projects we use all conventional building materials.

5.Hydrotechnics is not connected with hydrology.

X. Какое из приведенных ниже утверждений не соответствует тематике текста?

1.All hydro-engineering projects are divided into river, pond and sea projects.

2.The science about the use of water resources for different purposes is called hydrotechnics.

3.Economic models fall into two categories: microeconomic and macroeconomic.

4.In the past an engineer would usually specialize in one particular aspect of water quality control.

5.Headwater constructions include channels, tunnels, headrace water supply systems.

DAMS

The first hydraulic engineering project was lost in the mist of the pre-historic time. The vital importance of water to human life justifies the supposition that some ancient man concieved the idea of diversion of the stream flow from natural channel to an artificial one

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in order to convey water to some point where it was needed for crops or human.

The earliest large scale drainage and irrigation works were built in Egypt about 3200 B.C. These works were followed by many varied projects in the Mediterranean and Near East area, including dams, canals, aqueducts, and sewer systems. Some 381 miles of acquiducts were constructed to bring water to the city of Rome. The first dam, for which there are reliable records, was built on the Nile River before 4000 B.C. It was used to divert the Nile and provide a site for the ancient city of Memphis. This dam is no longer in existence. The oldest dam still in use is the Almansa Dam in Spain which was constructed in the sixteenth century. An irrigation project in Schechuan province in China, dating from 850 B.C. is also still in use.

These early works were not designed and built by engineers in the modern sense of the world. The ancient builders employed amazing intuitive judgement in planning and executing their works.

The first efforts at organized engineering knowledge were made with the foundation in 1760 of the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees in Paris.

With the passage of time, the materials and methods of construction have been improved, making it possible the erection of large structures.

Dams serve two general purposes, namely, storage and diversion. Storage dams are built for the purpose of forming impounding or distributing reservoirs. Diversion dams are used to raise the level

of the water surface of streams to a height sufficient to supply the available head, necessary for gravity transportation of water, to divert water into a pump intake structure, or to provide a suitable sump for a pumping station.

Classification of dams is made according to the design of the structure and the building materials used.

According to the structural design all dams may be divided into following types: gravity, arch, and buttress. And according to the building materials they are classified as follows: earth-fill, rock-fill, timber, and masonry including stone, plain concrete or reinforced concrete.

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