Reader with exercises (книга для чтения на английском языке с лексико-грамматическими упражнениями). Учебное пособие

4. Domestic and industrial use of water results in deterioration in quality and the wastewaters must be collected and subjected to appropriate treatment before discharge to…

a) distribution system b) wastewater disposal

c) the environment

5.The engineer, in cooperation with biologists and chemists, plays a major role in preventing spread of…

a) aggressive constituents b) waterborne disease c) bacteria indicative of pollution

VIII. Какие утверждения из приведенных ниже являются верными?

1.In some areas, therefore, the demand for water exceeds the locally available natural fresh water resources.

2.The science of hydrology, which is concerned with the quality of water available, thus, plays an important role in water resources’ considerations.

3.Civil engineers have traditionally been concerned with water supply and discharge to the environment and indeed public health engineering is probably the largest single occupation of civil engineers.

4.In addition, as far as feasible, it should be suitable for uses other than drinking, e.g. sufficiently soft for washing, etc.

5.It must be appreciated that quality and quantity of water resources can be dealt with in isolation.

IX. Какое из приведенных ниже утверждений может служить ответом на вопрос?

How must an engineer consider interdependence between quality and quantity of water resources?

1.Assessment of the quantity of water available from a particular source is of vital importance and depends upon knowledge of the hydrological cycle and the ability to measure the amounts of water in the various components of the cycle.

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2.In some areas, therefore, the demand for water exceeds the locally available natural fresh water resources.

3.The science of hydrology, which is concerned with quantity of water available, thus, plays an important role in water resources’ considerations and it must be appreciated that quality and quantity of water resources cannot be dealt with in isolation.

4.Having obtained suitable quality and quantity of water by selection of source and treatment processes, the treated water must be delivered to the consumer via a complex of distribution system.

5.However, with more intensive use of water resources the dividing line between raw water and a treated effluent is becoming less clear and the need is for a broad knowledge of all aspects of the subject.

X. Укажите предложение, которое не соответствует тематике текста.

1.Civil engineers have traditionally been concerned with water supply and wastewater disposal and indeed public health engineering is probably the largest single occupation of civil engineers.

2.The water must be fit for human consumption, i.e. potable, but it should also be palatable, i.e. aesthetically attractive.

3.The responsibilities of the engineer start with the provision of an ample supply of wholesome water.

4.The field of water quality control is interdisciplinary in nature, involving the application of biological, chemical and physical principles in association with engineering techniques.

5.The engineer, in cooperation with biologists and chemists, plays a major role in preventing the spread of waterborne disease.

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ENVIRONMENT

PRESSING PROBLEMS

Atmosphere pollution raises problems of several types. First, there are local problems due to the production of smoke and offensive gases by factories. Secondly, there are regional problems created by industrial agglomerations which may spread the same harmful effects over whole areas. Thirdly, there are some types of pollution, such as those arising from nuclear explosives, which cover a considerable portion of the globe. And lastly, there appeared one more type of pollution which is threatening the globe as a whole.

Recent scientific research suggests that the protective layer of ozone around our planet is under severe attack. Alarm bells were sounded in 1982 when researchers in the Antarctic first identified a yawning hole over the Antarctic where the ozone layer is thinnest.

This was the first sign of a hole. Five years later it was reported that the hole had grown to an area the size of the United States.

The major cause of this weakening of the ozone layer is believed to be the increasing amount of harmful chemicals that are being released into the atmosphere by humankind.

Environmentalists and scientists point out that a further one per cent drop in the overall ozone layer can cause an increase of skin cancer.

The fundamental importance of the ozone layer is that it acts as a filter intercepting most of the sun’s radiation including potentially harmful Ultra Violet B-rays which can cause melanoma – skin cancer.

The appearance of the Antarctic hole has intensified the search for a cause. Strong evidence now suggests that it is the growing industrial use of chlorine compounds called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which is responsible.

CFC is a propellent gas commonly used in aerosol sprays, air cooling systems in fridges and air-conditioning. Once released CFC can hang around in the atmosphere for 100 years. Some eventually reaches the upper atmosphere to be broken down by the sunlight. In the process chlorine is released which combines with oxygen atoms thus reducing the amount available for ozone production.

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According to measurements recorded by the US Environmental Protection Agency one chlorine atom has enough kinetic energy to destroy 100,000 molecules of ozone. US space agency NASA has predicted that a rise of 2.5 per cent in CFC emissions would cause an extra one million cancers over the lifetime of the present US population.

Researchers suggest that the level of CFCs in the atmosphere is actually increasing by 5 per cent each year. Since 1969 the ozone level has fallen by 3 per cent over densely populated cities of the US, Canada and Europe and by 4 per cent over Australia and New Zealand.

In its «worst prediction scenario» NASA claims that an everthinning ozone layer could eventually allow a more harmful form of radiation, known as Ultra Violet C, to hit the earth. Laboratory experiments have shown that Ultra Violet C can penetrate the nucleic acids and proteins which are the building blocks of life.

There is the need for an international agreement that would completely stop CFC production.

Test to the text «Pressing problems»

I. Соотнесите приведенные ниже слова с их объяснением.

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II. Подберите по смыслу слова к приведенным ниже предложениям.

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IV. Соотнесите английский вариант с русским.

1.There are local problems due to the production of smoke and offensive gases by factories.

A.Местные проблемы возникают благодаря выделению дыма и вредных газов заводами.

B.Существуют местные проблемы, возникающие благодаря выделению дыма и вредных газов заводами.

2.There are regional problems created by industrial agglomerations.

A.Существуют проблемы регионов, создаваемые промышленными комплексами.

B.Промышленные комплексы создают региональные проблемы.

3.There are some types of pollution such as those arising from nuclear explosives, which cover a considerable portion of the globe.

A.Существуют некоторые типы загрязнений, такие как загрязнения, возникающие от ядерных взрывчатых веществ, которые охватывают значительную часть земного шара.

B.Такие загрязнения, как, например, возникающие от ядерных взрывчатых веществ, охватывают значительную часть земного шара.

V. Укажите предложение, в котором глагол «to be» является вспомогательным глаголом для образования страдательного залога.

1.This was the first sign of a hole.

2.The increasing amount of harmful chemicals are being released into the atmosphere by humankind.

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3.The fundamental importance of the ozone layer is that it acts as a filter intercepting most of the sun’s radiation.

4.CFC is a propellent gas commonly used in aerosol sprays.

5. The level of CFCs in the atmosphere is actually increasing by 5 per cent each year.

VI. Определите, чем является подчеркнутое слово.

1.Researchers identified a yawning hole over the Antarctic where the ozone layer is thinnest.

a) Gerund b) Participle I c) Infinitive

2. The major cause of this weakening of the ozone layer is believed to be the increasing amount of harmful chemicals.

a) Gerund b) Verbal Noun c) Participle I

3.Some gases eventually reach the upper atmosphere to be broken down by the sunlight.

VII. Завершите предложения.

1.Local problems arise due to…

a)industrial agglomerations

b)the production of smoke and offensive gases by factories

c)some types of pollution

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2.The major cause of the weakening of the ozone layer is believed to be…

a)the increasing amount of harmful chemicals released into the atmosphere

b)the increasing amount of smokers

c)the acid rains

3.Researchers suggest that the level of CFCs in the atmosphere

is eventually increasing…

a) very rapidly b) very slowly c) by 5 per cent each year

4.In fact the science of the phenomenon of «greenhouse effect» is more interesting than…

VIII. Выберите правильный ответ на приведенные ниже вопросы.

1.What creates regional problems on the planet?

a)the production of smoke and offensive gases by factories

b)big changes in climatic conditions

c)industrial agglomerations spreading the same harmful effects over whole areas

2.Where did the researchers identify a yawning hole?

3.What can cause an increase of skin cancer on the planet?

a)a further one per cent drop in the overall ozone layer

b)people’s lying in the sun too long

c)the greenhouse effect

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4.What can one expect from the ever-thinning ozone layer?

a)lack of fresh air on the Earth

b)a more harmful form of radiation

c)greater rainfall

5.The fundamental importance of the ozone layer is that it acts as a…

a)screen for the sun’s radiation

b)filter intercepting the sun’s radiation

c)absorber of the sun’s radiation

IX. Какое из приведенных ниже утверждений является верным?

1. Recent scientific research suggests that the protective layer of ozone remains stable.

2.The industrial use of chlorine compounds called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have nothing to do with the appearance of the Antarctic hole.

3.CFC is a solid used in industry.

4.One chlorine atom has enough kinetic energy to destroy one hundred thousand molecules of ozone.

5.An ever-thinning ozone layer could eventually allow a moderate form of radiation to hit the earth.

X. Какое утверждение не соответствует тематике текста?

1.Water quality control is of prime importance nowadays.

2.The poisoning of the world’s land, air and water is the fastest – spreading disease of civilization.

3.Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out for ever.

4.Industrial enterprises emit tons of harmful substances.

5.Beauty will save the world.

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WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS

Man’s prime need in his environment is for water, and wherever a number of people live together in a community a supply of potable water is required. The liquid and solid wastes from such a community if not disposed of in a satisfactory manner can render the surroundings unpleasant and unhealthy. Excretal contamination if drinking water leads inevitable to a vicious circle of internal disorders of increasing magnitude. In primitive civilizations the remedy to pollution problems was to move the community to a new unspoilt site, but in more advanced communities this solution becomes impracticable. Water can thus be considered as the most important raw material of civilization, since without it man cannot live and industry cannot operate. The concept of water as a natural resource is essential, as growing populations and industrial developments demand everincreasing supplies of water.

Only by continued attention to pollution prevention and water quality has it been possible to virtually banish waterborne diseases from developed countries. This battle is by no means over, however, and such diseases are still rampant in many parts of the world. It is a measure of the problem to be faced in developing countries that in such areas five million babies die every year from waterborne diseases and one in six of the world’s population suffer annually from waterborne disease. At the present time World Health Organization surveys show that some 86 % of the rural populations in developing countries are without reasonable access to safe water. Such is the growth of population in these areas that the percentage of people without satisfactory water will actually increase in the future unless considerable funds are made available to permit the construction of new facilities. In heavily industrialized countries demands for water can only be satisfied by accepting some degree of reuse as a principle of water conservation. Continued vigilance and the application of advanced technology will be essential to overcome the problems inherent in the reuse of water.

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