Reader with exercises (книга для чтения на английском языке с лексико-грамматическими упражнениями). Учебное пособие

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

BUILDINGS, PLANT AND MACHINERY COSTS

The cost of buildings, plant and machinery has two components: depreciation and interest.

Depreciation

The fall in the value of a durable input over a given period of time is depreciation. Accountants assess this fall in value by applying a conventional depreciation rate to the original purchase price. For buildings the conventional depreciation allowance is 5 percent a year. Thus if a firm builds a factory for $100,000, an accountant regards 5 percent of that amount, $5,000, as a cost of production in the first year. At the end of the first year the accountant records the value of the buildings as $9,500 (the original cost minus the 5 percent depreciation). In the next year, the accountant regards $4,750 as a cost of production (5 percent of the remaining $95,000 value of the building) and so on. The accountant uses different depreciation rates for different types of inputs. Fifteen percent is a common rate for plant and equipment.

Interest

If a firm borrows money to buy a building, plant or equipment, the accountant counts the interest on the borrowing as a cost of production, so, in this case, if the firm borrows the entire $100,000 and if the interest rate is 10 per cent a year, the accountant treats the $10,000 interest payment as a cost of production. If the firm has not borrowed anything to build the factory but instead has used its own previously earned profits, the accountant regards the interest cost incurred in production as zero.

Let’s see how economists determine these costs. Like accountants, economists also look at depreciation and interest costs to assess the cost of buildings, plant and machinery, but they calculate both as opportunity costs.

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3. A firm can… money to buy a building.

4.Companies with a good financial position are given the… rate of interest.

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VI. Определите функции глаголов «to have» и «to be»:

a)смысловой глагол

b)вспомогательный глагол

c)модальный глагол

1.We have to earn as much interest as possible in order to keep up with the inflation.

2.The financial news is broadcast over television, radio and is printed in the press.

3.Sometimes governments have to borrow money from individuals.

4.The firm has just signed a contract.

5.The economists are to determine the depreciation and interest cost by the end of this year.

VII. Определите функцию окончания -s:

a)множественное число существительного

b)существительное в притяжательном падеже

c)окончание настоящего времени в действительном залоге

1.Increases in the world supply of oil drove energy prices far below the levels that producers wished to maintain.

2.If the government reduces its own spending it buys less from business.

3.The president’s budget request reflects the economic policy priorities.

4.The investor’s portfolio is usually not less than $50,000.

5.The amount of available labour helps to determine the health of an economy.

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VIII. Какое из приведенных ниже утверждений является верным?

1.The value of buildings, factories and machinery has three elements.

2.Economists determine a depreciation and interest cost as real costs.

3.For buildings the common fall in the value allowance is 5 per cent a year.

4.The book-keeper employs the same fall in the value rates for different types of inputs.

5.The accountant considers fifteen per cent to be a common rate for plant and equipment.

IX. В каких абзацах можно найти следующие утверждения?

1.Бухгалтеры определяют снижение амортизационной стоимости, применяя обычные нормы снижения по отношению к первоначальной закупочной цене.

2.Подобно бухгалтеру, экономист рассматривает снижение амортизационной стоимости и процентной стоимости как возможные стоимости.

3.Стоимость зданий, заводов и техники состоит из двух составных частей.

4.Допустимое снижение стоимости для зданий составляет пять процентов.

5.Экономисты определяют два вида стоимости.

X. В каких абзацах можно найти ответы на приведенные ниже вопросы?

1.What is a conventional rate for plant and equipment?

2.What is depreciation?

3.When does the accountant regard the interest cost as zero?

4.How much is the conventional depreciation allowance for buildings a year?

5.How many elements does the cost of factories, buildings and ma-

chinery have?

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THE ECONOMY

The economy is a mechanism that allocates scarce resources among competing uses, determining what, how and for whom the various goods and services will be produced.

The economy’s working parts are divided into two categories: decision makers and coordination mechanisms. Economic decision makers are households, firms and governments. Households decide how much of their factors of production to sell to firms and governments and what goods and services to buy from firms. Firms decide what factors of production to hire and which goods and services to produce. Governments decide on the scale of their purchases of factors of production from households and of goods and services from firms. They also decide on the scale of their provision of goods and services to households and firms, as well as on the rates of benefits and subsides and taxes.

Economic science seeks to understand what is and is silent about what ought to be. Economists try to find economic laws by developing a body of economic theory, and economic theory, in turn, is developed by building and testing economic models.

Economic models fall into categories: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the decisions of individual households and firms. Microeconomics also studies the way that individual markets work and the detailed way that government regulation and taxes affect the allocation of labor and of goods and services. Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the economy as a whole. It studies the determination of the overall level of economic activity of unemployment, aggregate income, average prices, and inflation.

Test to the text «The economy»

I. Подберите по смыслу слова к следующим предложениям.

1. The economy is divided into the categories: … an d coordination

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IV. Выберите одну правильную форму глагола для каждого из приведенных ниже предложений в действительном залоге.

5.In today’s world, computers… us access to an eno rmous volume of economic description.

V. Из трех глагольных форм, предложенных на выбор, выберите одну в страдательном залоге для каждого из приведенных ниже предложений.

c) will be shackled

3.The structure of the UK financial services industry… currently.

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4. Generally economic models… on four key assumptio ns. a) are being based b) are based

c) have been basing

5.The levels of specific achievements… by the begi nning of the next year.

VI. Определите, чем являются подчеркнутые слова.

1.Constructors are finding that results attained by machine are more reliable than those from unskilled workers.

3.The higher the expected profitability of new capital equipment, the greater is the amount of investment.

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VIII. К каким абзацам можно отнести приведенные ниже подзаголовки?

1.Economic models

2.The economy is a determining mechanism

3.Economic science and economists

4.Working parts of economy

5.Two branches of economy

IX. В каких абзацах можно найти приведенные ниже утверждения?

1.Хозяйства решают, какую продукцию продать фирмам и государству и какие товары и услуги купить у фирм.

2.Экономика стремится понять, что имеется, чего нет и что должно быть.

3.Эта категория экономики изучает безработицу, средний доход, средние цены и инфляцию.

4.Они определяют нормы прибыли, дотации и налоги.

5.Экономика решает, какие, как и для кого различные товары и услуги будут произведены.

X. Какие из приведенных ниже пунктов освещены в тесте?

1.Firms’ decisions

2.Mechanism of economy

3.Commercial activities

4.A trade service

5.The branches of economy

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