Основы информатики и прикладной лингвистики. Планы практических занятий 6.020303 «Филология»

Вариант 10.

After years of preparations, the Euro 2012 football championship kicked off in Poland and Ukraine on June 8. It brought a flood of emotions to many fans who traveled to support their team, as well as millions of viewers who are watching the games across the world.

Despite a flood of bad press and doomsday predictions Ukraine received in the months coming up to the championship, the tournament seems to be going well. Dozens of fans who talked to the Kyiv Post said they were happy with the organization, the prices and accommodation. Some complained about greedy taxi drivers, and noted that Ukrainians need to learn English to be able to present themselves to the word in a more favorable light. Few fights and crimes have been reported in Ukraine, in a stark contrast with Poland, where 183 people were arrested for violence that accompanied the Russia -Poland game on June 12. The game resulted in a draw.

Ukraine's team played a day earlier, and won 2-1, to the delight of thousands of fans who watched the game at the Olympic Stadium in Kyiv, and possibly millions in front of TV screens. Both goals against Sweden were scored by the legendary forward Andriy Shevchenko. The games in Ukraine were marred somewhat by the boycott of European leaders, as a result of which President Viktor Yanukovych shared his VIP booth at the Kyiv stadium with locals only. The boycott came in protest against ill-treatment of the jailed opposition leader Yulia Tymoshenko and other political prisoners. (Photos Kostyantyn Chernichkin, AFP, Mark Rachkevych).

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Вариант 11.

Ukraine's finance minister resigned Wednesday amid pressure over a blocked $15 billion International Monetary Fund loan and the president appointed the head of the state security service and former economy minister — a longtime ally — to replace him.Fedir Yaroshenko, 62, didn't explain why he was resigning, saying in televised comments only that he hoped his successor would make few mistakes and work effectively. But analysts say the resignation hammers home Ukraine's tough economic position and suggests President Viktor Yanukovych is looking to deflect blame over economic hardships onto his Cabinet ahead of parliamentary elections this fall. Yanukovych appointed his longtime ally Valery Khoroshkovsky, a media magnate who had headed Ukraine's Security Service for the past two years. Khoroshkovsky also was the country's economy minister in Yanukovych's government in 2002-4. Yanukovych did not explain his decision, but some observers said that Khoroshkovsky's loyalty to the president appeared to be a factor in the decision. Under Khoroshkovsky's leadership, the security service launched a slew of new criminal investigations against already jailed former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko in a case the West has called politically motivated. Ukraine's budget is under stress after the IMF froze an aid program last spring over Kiev's refusal to raise household gas prices and thus cut government expenditures.

Вариант 12.

The central bank has had to spend its reserves to support the Ukrainian currency, the hryvna. Yanukovych is reluctant to take the painful measure of raising household gas bills ahead of parliamentary elections later this year and is lobbying Moscow for cheaper gas. A deal with Russia could allow Kiev to maintain domestic gas prices but talks have stalled as Moscow seeks control over Ukraine's pipeline

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network in exchange for a discount. Much of the gas that Russia exports to Western Europe travels through the Ukrainian network. Yaroshenko's resignation "probably reflects broader stresses at the moment in the economy," said Tim Ash, head of emerging-market research at Royal Bank of Scotland Group Plc in London. "The government battles against declining popular support, a weakening budget and external financing position set against a break in relations with the IMF, and problems in closing an agreement to deliver cheap gas

... from Russia," he said. Yanukovych has repeatedly criticized Prime Minister Mykola Azarov over economic and other policies and some observers say that Yaroshenko's resignation may be followed by Azarov's departure as Yanukovych seeks to deflect criticism of his rule ahead of parliamentary elections this fall. "Azarov may in the end serve as a lightning rod and leave the way for a politician with a more positive image who will begin to implement populist social policies before elections in order to raise the popularity of the ruling party," said Anatoly Baronin, head of the Da Vinci Analytic Group in Kiev.

Вариант 13.

WASHINGTON (AP) — A recession in Europe will slow the global economy this year, the International Monetary Fund predicted Tuesday, while urging world leaders to focus on growth more than budget cuts.

The IMF forecasts global growth of 3.25 percent this year, slower than the 4 percent pace it projected in September. The 17 nations that share the euro will shrink 0.5 percent this year. In September, the IMF had predicted 1.1 percent growth for the region. Europe's recession should have only a modest impact on the United States. The IMF projects 1.8 percent growth for the year, unchanged from its September estimate. Steep budget cuts will slow growth further and undermine market confidence, the IMF said. The global lending organization's message runs counter to the push for budget cuts advocated by

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German Chancellor Angela Merkel. "The world recovery, which was weak in the first place, is in danger of stalling," Olivier Blanchard, the fund's chief economist, said at a news conference. "The epicenter of the danger is Europe." One reason the IMF expects the U.S. economy to remain sluggish is because governments at all levels will likely cut back on spending. The IMF assumes the Social Security payroll tax and extended unemployment benefits will extended for the full year. Last month, Congress agreed to extend them only through February. Without a full extension of both measures, the U.S. economy will fare much worse, the IMF said. Lagarde warned Monday that the world economy faced the risk of a painful recession this year.

Вариант 14.

European governments should avoid extreme austerity measures — spending cuts and tax increases — in weaker economies, such as Italy and Spain, the IMF said in its World Economic Outlook. And healthier European countries whose governments are facing lower interest rates "should reconsider the pace" of their short-term budget cuts. "The good news," Blanchard said, is that "with the right set of measures, the worst can be avoided, and the world can be set back on track." IMF managing director Christine Lagarde made a similar argument Monday during a speech in Berlin. Many European governments do need to cut deficits, Blanchard said, "but at an appropriate pace." Blanchard cautions that it may take two decades or longer to pay off the debts accumulated during the 2008 financial crisis and global recession. He notes that it took that long to pay off the debts Europe ran up during World War II. European governments should also build up its permanent bailout fund, Blanchard said. Last week, the IMF said it is seeking $500 billion to boost its own resources in the event more lending is needed in Europe or elsewhere. European banks, meanwhile, are cutting back on lending in order to boost their capital reserves, the fund said. That's likely to hammer Central and Eastern European economies this year, which depend heavily on European bank loans. The IMF warns against steep budget cuts, which it says will slow growth further and undermine market confidence. The

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global lending organization's message runs counter to the push for budget cuts advocated by German Chancellor Angela Merkel. Still, the hit to China will be relatively modest: It is forecast to grow 8.2 percent this year, down from the fund's earlier projection of 9 percent. The IMF said U.S. policymakers should take steps to rein in the long-term costs of government health programs and Social Security, the federal public pension system. But those cuts should be phased in over the long-term. Immediate cuts could slow the economy further.

Вариант 15.

Businesses evade paying taxes because they can, said Asters’ Solyar. Businesses find it more convenient to pay off a tax official than comply with taxes, he added. As a key evasion practice, the use of offshore jurisdictions to assist transfer-pricing practices is keeping money out of government coffers. The government’s National Institute of Strategic Studies policy center said in a recent report that some $82 billion left the country between 2000 and 2008. Smaller companies free up cash by having their employees register as private entrepreneurs, in turn enabling them to pay the smaller flat tax rate. At times, entrepreneurs bill companies an amount that is paid in full, only to return all or some of the money under the table. “This is a widespread

(small-scale) money laundering practice,” said Otten, the German tax adviser. In the end, experts say, corruption is the main engine driving the gray economy, including public sector misspending. “People don’t trust that their tax money will be used wisely. They see the government inadequately funding hospitals and schools yet purchasing expensive car fleets for themselves,” said Oleskandr Zholud, an economist with the International Center for Prospective Studies.

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УЧЕБНОЕ ИЗДАНИЕ

Пономарёва Ж.Г. Основы информатики и прикладной лингвистики. Планы практических занятий 6.020303 «Филология». – Симферополь: УЭУ, 2012. – 58 с.

Корректор – Солянникова Г.Г.

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