Основы информатики и прикладной лингвистики. Планы практических занятий 6.020303 «Филология»

Despite a flood of bad press and doomsday predictions Ukraine received in the months coming up to the championship, the tournament seems to be going well. Dozens of fans who talked to the Kyiv Post said they were happy with the organization, the prices and accommodation. Some complained about greedy taxi drivers, and noted that Ukrainians need to learn English to be able to present themselves to the word in a more favorable light. Few fights and crimes have been reported in Ukraine, in a stark contrast with Poland, where 183 people were arrested for violence that accompanied the Russia -Poland game on June 12. The game resulted in a draw.

Ukraine's team played a day earlier, and won 2-1, to the delight of thousands of fans who watched the game at the Olympic Stadium in Kyiv, and possibly millions in front of TV screens. Both goals against Sweden were scored by the legendary forward Andriy Shevchenko. The games in Ukraine were marred somewhat by the boycott of European leaders, as a result of which President Viktor Yanukovych shared his VIP booth at the Kyiv stadium with locals only. The boycott came in protest against ill-treatment of the jailed opposition leader Yulia Tymoshenko and other political prisoners. (Photos Kostyantyn Chernichkin, AFP, Mark Rachkevych)

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Вариант 1.

Ukraine’s new tax code is failing to bring the nation’s underground economy to the surface. Coupled with general distrust of how public money is spent, rampant corruption, selective enforcement and inconsistent tax law interpretation, various estimates say that 30 to 53 percent of what the nation produces – some $50 billion to $80 billion – remains in the shadows, undeclared and untaxed. The verdict comes on the heels of contrary assertions made by Ukraine’s chief tax collector, Oleksandr Klymenko, who said recently that tax revenue rose more than 35 percent in 2011 compared to the previous year. Klymenko also boasted that his agency has successfully begun reining in the gray economy. “We have our work cut out for us. Pulling money out of the shadows will allow us to meet budget revenue targets,” Klymenko said in a televised interview on Feb. 1. “It doesn’t make a difference if this is big business, medium or small. But in practice these are largeand medium-sized businesses.” The state tax administration didn’t answer a Kyiv Post inquiry before it went to

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press concerning the specific steps the agency is taking to bring the economy out of the shadows. Enacted last year, experts said the new tax code is a step in the right direction of making life easier for businesses. Firtash said this week that small and medium businesses account for only 10-15 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product.

Вариант 2.

Additionally, commercial and tax accounting have been more closely aligned, and tax rates have been slashed across the board for companies of all sizes, according to Thomas Otten, director of Otten Consulting, which has advised German-speaking clients on Ukraine’s market for five years. Still, experts say they haven’t seen a dramatic shift away from the gray economy. They say the tax code isn’t being administered and interpreted fairly by authorities, prompting businesses to stay underground. “I believe that this is not necessarily due to poor conditions … within the tax code, but the fact that business of all sizes and nationalities are under increased, and often unjustified, pressure from the tax authorities in their attempt to fill government coffers during these difficult economic times,” said Jorge Zukoski, president of the American Chamber of Commerce in Ukraine, a leading business advocacy. Zukoski said that, until the public perception changes about alleged quotas on tax collection, the “shadow economy will continue to thrive as there is little incentive to legitimize.” Tax authorities say there are some 1 million registered entrepreneurs who benefit from the simplified tax system. Yet only big business in Ukraine run by influential oligarchs seems to be thriving. This also appears to be the view of billionaire Dmytro Firtash, an ally of President Viktor Yanukovych who heads the Federation of Employers of Ukraine, which says it represents companies that control 70 percent of the economy and employ five million workers.

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Вариант 3.

That is far below that in developed economies where this sector accounts for 50 percent or more of a nation’s GDP. The World Bank’s 2012 report on the ease of doing business ranked Ukraine 181 out of 183 countries in taxes. According to the report, it takes on average

657 hours a year to meet tax compliance requirements. Ukraine’s total tax rate as a percentage of profit stands at 57 percent, the World

Bank said. Lawyers said the total tax rate is lower this year but isn’t doing much to pull money out of the gray zone. One way to entice companies to pay taxes is to make it too risky to avoid paying them.

“If a business knows that they can’t get away by paying bribes, and they’ll be charged justified penalties, I think everyone will start thinking twice about not paying taxes,” said Kostya Solyar, senior associate at Asters law firm who co-heads their tax practices department. Solyar said government needs to hire tax collectors who understand how the modern business world operates, eliminate penalty collection plans, interpret laws fairly and create fair and honest tax courts. Otherwise, aggressive tax optimization strategies will thrive no matter how business-friendly the tax code becomes, experts said.

Вариант 4.

HONG KONG (AP) — World stocks rose Friday as optimism grew that Greece's debt crisis would soon be resolved and upbeat U.S. economic data added to evidence of a recovery in the world's No. 1 economy.

Oil extended gains above $102 a barrel and the dollar strengthened against the euro and yen. In early European trading, the FTSE 100 index of leading British shares was up 0.4 percent at 5,915.42 and Germany's DAX rose 0.8 percent to 6,803.14. The CAC-40 in France was 1.2 percent higher at 3,430.55. U.S. stocks looked set for a flat open following a big rally the day before. Dow futures were up less than 0.1 percent to 12,874 while broader S&P 500 futures lost 0.1

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percent to 1,354.30. In Asia, Tokyo's benchmark Nikkei 225 index jumped 1.6 percent to close at 9,384.17. Seoul's Kospi rose 1.3 percent to end at 2,023.47 and Hong Kong's Hang Seng was up 1 percent to finish at 21,491.62. Sydney's S&P/ASX 200 climbed 0.3 percent to 4,195.90. Benchmarks in Taiwan, Singapore, New Zealand and India also rose. Investors in Asia took heart following solid gains Thursday on Wall Street, where the Dow Jones industrial average closed at its highest level in four years. The gains also pushed away fears that long-running bailout talks for debt-stricken Greece might collapse and result in the country defaulting on its debts next month. Stocks rose after reports showed unemployment benefit applications dropped for the fourth time in five weeks to a four-year low and a rise in building permits suggested growing confidence about homebuying. Another report showed U.S. factories boosted output last month and December was their best month of growth in five years.

Вариант 5.

"All the data coming out from the U.S. is good, especially last night the job data was surprising," said Jackson Wong, a vice president at Tanrich Securities in Hong Kong. Investors are also growing more upbeat ahead of a meeting Monday at which European finance ministers will discuss the Greek bailout and a bond swap agreement with Greece's private creditors. "Across Asia, markets are trekking higher on optimism that Greece will be able to avoid a default," said Stan Shamu, a research analyst at IG Markets in Melbourne. Chinese stocks ended flat after spending the day swinging between positive and negative territory. The Shanghai Composite Index was practically unchanged at 2,357.18. Investors remain skeptical that authorities in Beijing will move more aggressively to prop up slowing economic growth by loosening credit curbs put in place to counter inflation and cool housing costs, Wong said. Shares of Billabong International Ltd. rose 46 percent in Sydney after the Australian surfwear retailer said it had received a takeover offer from TPG Capital, though was uncertain if any deal would go ahead. It also said it would shed 400 jobs worldwide and close dozens of unprofitable stores as it tries to restore

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its flagging fortunes in a tough retail market. In currencies, the dollar strengthened to 79.07 Japanese yen from 78.88 yen in late trading Thursday while the euro fell to $1.3123 from 1.3143. Benchmark crude was up 53 cents at $102.81 per barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The contract rose 52 cents to settle at $102.32 on Thursday. Brent crude was up 46 cents to $120.57 per barrel in London.

Вариант 6.

BANGKOK — Asian stock markets climbed Monday after China moved to boost its economy by freeing up bank lending and hopes grew that Greece will clinch the aid its needs to avoid bankruptcy. Oil prices jumped to a nine-month high near $105 a barrel after Iran said it halted crude exports to Britain and France in an escalation of a dispute over the Middle Eastern country's nuclear program. The dollar weakened against the euro but gained against the yen. Japan's Nikkei 225 index added 1 percent to 9,480.55. Hong Kong's Hang Seng rose 0.7 percent to 21,683.05 and China's Shanghai Composite Index was up 0.9 percent at 2,377.96. South Korea's Kospi added 0.2 percent to 2,027.63. Australia's S&P/ASX 200 gained 1.3 percent to 4,249.40. Benchmarks in Singapore, Taiwan and the Philippines also rose. Indonesia fell. China's central bank said over the weekend it will lower the ratio of funds that banks must hold as reserves to 20.5 percent from 21 percent, effective Friday. That will free up tens of billions of dollars for loans at a time when the growth rate is expected to drop from last quarter's 8.9 percent to closer to 8 percent. The cut is the second in two months. Investors hoping for more lending in the real estate sector pushed up Chinese property shares. Hong Konglisted China Resources Land Ltd. surged 3.8 percent and China Overseas Land & Investment Ltd. added 3.4 percent. "Even last year in a very tough market, Chinese property stocks were still making profits. This year, a lot of people would say if we are in a more loosening en-

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vironment, they should be able to make better profits," said Jackson Wong, vice president at Tanrich Securities in Hong Kong.

Вариант 7.

Japan's industrial and electronics sectors jumped on hopes for growth in China, a major trading partner. Heavy equipment maker Komatsu Ltd. gained 2.6 percent. Sony Corp. soared 3.4 percent. Australian resource shares also rose on hopes for strong demand from China. BHP Billiton Ltd. gained 2.2 percent and rival Rio Tinto Ltd. rose 2.1 percent. Market sentiment in Asia was also boosted by a strong showing on Wall Street on Friday. The Dow Jones industrial average edged close to the 13,000 marker. The Dow hasn't closed above 13,000 since May 19, 2008, before the financial crisis. The Dow rose 0.4 percent to close at 12,949.87, its highest close for the year so far. The Standard & Poor's 500 rose 0.2 percent to 1,361.23, also setting a record close for 2012. The Nasdaq composite fell 0.3 percent to 2,951.78. Markets in the U.S. are closed Monday for the Presidents' Day long weekend. Later Monday, traders will turn their attention to Greece, which is trying to secure rescue loans from other European countries so it won't default on debt due next month. The finance ministers of euro countries are meeting Monday to finalize the terms of a bailout deal. "Markets are optimistic that the European finance ministers will finally give approval to the second bailout to Greece," said Louis Wong, dealing director at Phillip Securities in Hong Kong. Benchmark oil for March delivery was up $1.68 to $104.92 per barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The contract rose 93 cents to finish at $103.24 per barrel on the Nymex on Friday. In currency trading, the euro rose to $1.3209 from $1.3159 late Friday in New York. The dollar strengthened to 79.52 yen from 79.46 yen.

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Вариант 8.

Oil was the only market bucking the downtrend earlier in the day, but they also turned negative as other markets deepened their slide. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu assured President Barack Obama on Monday that Israel has not made any decision on attacking Iran's nuclear sites, sources close to the talks said, but the Israeli prime minister gave no sign of backing away from possible military action. Brent crude fell 0.2 percent to $123.60 a barrel while U.S. crude dipped below $106.70 a barrel. The euro eased 0.2 percent to $1.3193, inching closer to Monday's two-week low of $1.3160. a bearish technical outlook sent spot gold down 0.2 percent to $1,702 a tonne. "There is very little incentive to buy gold at the moment, keeping prices sideways," said Yuichi Ikemizu, branch manager for Standard Bank in Tokyo. "But there is also no sign that investors are moving funds out of gold to other assets, given no change in factors supporting gold," he said. Among such factors is the uncertainty surrounding Greece, which needs to complete a bond exchange with private holders, scheduled to close on March 8, before a second bailout is paid. It is still not clear how much participation Athens will see for its bond swap and a failure to agree on the swap would put the country back on the brink of a messy default, and could reignite fears about the collapse of the single currency. Greece's major bondholders voiced their support on Monday for a deal that will halve the value of their debt holdings and aims to put the country back on a sustainable debt-repayment footing. "This uncertainty is likely to weigh on risk appetite and European assets (including the EUR)," Barclays Capital analysts said.

Вариант 9.

TOKYO - Asian shares and other growth-linked assets fell on Tuesday as slowing economies in China and Europe and tension over Iran dampened sentiment, prompting investors to take profits from recent rallies that had been driven by ample liquidity. China's lowering of its growth target and data pointing to Europe possibly slipping back into

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recession eroded the optimism that had been setting the tone for global markets since the European Central Bank's first massive liquidity injection in late December. Abundant funds in the system stabilised markets and mitigated concerns about a crisis triggered by European banks' financing difficulties, but uncertainty about global economic prospects led investors to trim their risk exposure. Oil also pared earlier gains, underscoring the market's vulnerability in the face of broad selling across asset classes. "The supply risk premium to Iran is supporting prices, but the main volatility is from the demand side," said Jeremy Friesen, a commodity strategist at Societe Generale. "It's interesting that weak economic data hasn't caused a sell-off in oil, but as more data emerges this week, it could disappoint investors enough to weaken prices," Friesen said. The MSCI Asia Pacific ex-Japan index fell 1.4 percent, dragged lower by Chinese shares and the pan-Asian mining sector. Tokyo's Nikkei average slipped 0.8 percent. Resource-reliant Australian shares fell on worries over weak demand from China and its currency extended losses to a fresh one-week low around $1.0604 after the Reserve Bank of Australia kept interest rates steady, as expected. The New Zealand dollar hit a six-week low at $0.8133. Financial spreadbetters expected major European markets to open around 0.2 percent lower. Copper, typically driven by the demand outlook, fell. London copper eased 0.7 percent to $8,445 a tonne and Shanghai copper fell 1 percent to 60,540 yuan ($9,600) a tonne. Some analysts, however, said markets need not be too worried about China cutting its growth target to an eightyear low of 7.5 percent, from 8 percent, and shifting its priorities towards boosting domestic consumer demand. "There is no need to be so pessimistic about slowing demand from China," said Chiyuki Shiraiwa, economist at SMBC Nikko Securities. "Boosting domestic consumption will strengthen demand for a variety of goods from overseas, broadening opportunities beyond resource-rich countries to export to China." Hong Kong shares and Shanghai equities both slid more than 1.5 percent. Sentiment in Asian credit markets was also

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cautious, with spreads on the iTraxx Asia ex-Japan investment-grade index widening by a couple of basis points.

Вариант 10.

Experts have speculated that further falls in inflation, reflecting the weakening demand, would likely lead to monetary stimulus programs, likely in the form of lower interest rates. This may be difficult, however, given the state’s need to attract capital to cover the year’s debt redemptions. The big question, however, is what will happen to the exchange rate, with the authorities facing a Catch-22 situation. A strengthening dollar means Ukrainian exports are becoming more expensive. Already a December report by international investment bank Troika Dialog calculated that the gains in price competitiveness caused by the 2008-2009 devaluation had all but worn off. On the flipside, a new devaluation would be socially unpopular ahead of the October parliamentary elections and could spark a panic among current investors, making this option unlikely but not impossible. With no positive results in sight for renewing billion-dollar loans from the International Monetary Fund or lowing the price of Russian natural gas imports, the combination of capital outflows and external debt will continue to put pressure on the hryvnia. Since August 2011 the National Bank of Ukraine has used almost a fifth of its reserves to prop up the currency. In a note to investors, investment bank Dragon Capital estimated that the NBU could lose a third of total reserves this year should the situation remain unchanged. Ukraine has so far managed to ride out the second wave of the financial crisis, but the ride is far from over.

Вариант 11.

After months of outpacing salaries, inflation has been grinding to a halt in recent months, dropping to 3 percent in February, the lowest level in nine years. Yet this is a mixed blessing for struggling Ukrainian households, as a slowdown in cost of living hikes comes with

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