Английскй учебник

!) New Year Day, St. Valentine’s Day, Easter, Halloween, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas, International Women’s Day, the Victory Day, Independence Day, Boxing Day, National Unity Day, Day of Fatherland Defender

/) October 31st, December 25th, January 1st, 14th of February, 25th of December, the fourth Thursday of November, 26th of December, July 4th, 23rd of February, 8th of March, 9th of May, 4th of November, 12th of June, 7th of January.

RUSSIA

GREAT BRITAIN

THE USA

3. .

1.What holidays are celebrated in Russia?

2.What holidays are celebrated in the USA?

3.What holidays are celebrated in Great Britain?

4.What Russian traditions of observing holidays do you know?

5.What customs of New Year's Eve celebration in different countries do you know?

6.What holidays do you observe?

7.Do you prefer to celebrate holidays with your family or with your friends?

8.Do you prefer to celebrate holidays at home or in some public place? How do you usually do it?

9.What is your favorite holiday? Why?

4. , ( ,

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(Jerry and Fei are comparing Christmas customs in New York and Beijing).

Jerry: Look, Fei! I got a Christmas card from my sister.

Fei: It's very beautiful. Why are the words "Happy Holidays" written on the card? Christmas is only one holiday. Shouldn't it be "Happy Holiday", without the "s"?

Jerry: We don't just celebrate Christmas during this season. We also celebrate the coming of the New Year.

Fei: Oh, I never thought about that before. There's more than one holiday at the end of the year.

Jerry: Now that I'm in China, I want to celebrate the holidays Chinese-style. What do you and your family do for Christmas?

Fei: Actually, we don't do much at Christmas. It's not really a big family holiday. Young people in China would rather spend Christmas Eve with their boyfriends or girlfriends.

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Jerry: I see. How about the New Year in China? Is it a bigger holiday than Christmas?

Fei: Not really. We don't celebrate it because the Spring Festival is much more important to us here in China.

Jerry: The Spring Festival is known around the world as "Chinese New Year". It's the beginning of the year according to the traditional lunar calendar, isn't it?

Fei: That's right. The Spring Festival is the biggest family holiday in China, so we don't celebrate the western New Year. How about it in New York? Do people celebrate New Year's Eve more or New Year's Day?

Jerry: There are two kinds of people who celebrate quite differently. Single people, or couples without children, often go out late on New Year's Eve. They drink and party after the clock strikes midnight. There are big parties all over, but the biggest is in Times Square in Manhattan.

Fei: I guess they won't have much energy left over to do anything on New Year's Day, then.

Jerry: Right. But there are families who don't do anything special on New Year's Eve. Instead, they celebrate with their families on New Year's Day.

Fei: What do they do on New Year's Day?

Jerry: They have a big meal to celebrate and often watch parades in the big cities. The parades are quite spectacular.

Fei: It sounds a little bit like our traditional Lion Dance.

Jerry: Yes, it's a lot like the Lion Dance, except there is no lion!

5. ( .

CONGRATULATIONS AND WISHES

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9. !", ( « ».

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onsumer culture, corporate culture, political culture, pop culture, youth culture, primitive culture, Western culture.

UNIT 2. WHAT IS CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION?

1. , , !

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Intercultural, international, incorporate, interact, include, underlie, presuppose, over-generalize, overlook.

# ______ & & - ; # ______ & & - ; # ______ ) ; # ______ & $, $;

# ______ & - $.

2. #' -

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3. $ , “have” -

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They have become critical…, it has become essential…, he has to possess a certain level of competence…, it has profound implications… , every word has to have a French translation, they have in common.

4. .

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CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Cross-cultural communication (also frequently referred to as intercultural communication) is a field of study that looks at how people from different cultural backgrounds communicate in similar and different ways among themselves.

In the past decade, there has become an increasing pressure for universities across the world to incorporate intercultural and international understanding and knowledge into the education of their students. International literacy and cross-cultural understanding have become critical to a country’s cultural, technological, economic, and political health. It has become essential for universities to educate, or more importantly, “transform”, to function effectively and comfortably in a world characterized by close; multi-faceted relationships. Students must possess a certain level of global competence to understand the world they live in and how they fit into this world.

Cross-cultural communication, as many scholarly fields, is a combination of many other fields. These fields include anthropology, cultural studies, psychology and communication.

The study of languages can not only serve to help us understand what we as human beings have in common, but also assist us in understanding the diversity which underlies not only our languages, but also our ways of constructing and organizing knowledge, and many different realities in which we all live and interact. Such understanding has profound implications with respect to developing a critical awareness of social relationships. Understanding social relationships and the way other cultures work is the groundwork of successful globalization business efforts.

Language socialization can be broadly defined as “an investigation of how language both presupposes and creates anew social relations in cultural context”. It is imperative that the speaker understands the grammar of a language, as well as how elements of language are socially situated in order to reach communicative competence. Human experience is culturally relevant, so elements of language are also culturally relevant. One must carefully consider semiotics and the evaluation of sign systems to compare cross-cultural norms of communication. There are several potential problems that come with language socialization, however. Sometimes people can over-generalize or label cultures with stereotypical and subjective characterizations.

5. ! .

6. , # # -

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Models:

a) I think it is true. The text tells us that ………

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b)To my mind, it is false because …………

1.International literacy of people has become very important for all countries.

2.Students must possess a certain level of global competence to understand the world they live in.

3.The study of languages can only serve to help us understand each other.

4.Successful globalization business efforts depend on proper understanding of social relationships.

5.To reach communicative competence it is enough to learn the grammar.

6.To reach communicative competence it is necessary to compare cross-cultural norms of communication.

7./ .

1.______________ is a field of study that looks at how people from different cultural backgrounds communicate.

2.________________ serves to help us understand what we as human beings have in common.

3.________ and ________ have become critical to a country’s cultural, technological, economic, and political health.

4._______ and __________ are culturally relevant.

5.____________ is a combination of many other fields.

6.____________ can be defined as “an investigation of how language both presupposes and creates anew social relations in cultural context”.

7.The speaker must understand __________ and __________.

8..

SEMIOTICS, ANTHROPOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY, CULTURAL STUDIES

1.The scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans. __________

2.Interdisciplinary field concerned with the role of social institutions in the shaping of culture.__________

3.The theory and study of signs and symbols, especially as elements of language or other systems of communication, and comprising semantics.___________

4.The science that deals with mental processes and behaviour. __________

9. .

1.includes/ language/ religion/culture/ traditions/ behaviour/ way o life.

2.cultural norms/ how / in various situations/ consist of/ people/ expectations of/will behave.

3.methods/has/ each culture/ its norms/ of enforcing.

4.people/ interaction/ governs/ between/the sociological subsystem.

5.focus on/ cultural anthropologists/ symbolic culture.

6.subcultures/ sets of/ often/ or groups of people/ have/large/ with/ societies/ behaviour and beliefs/ distinct.

7.are /religion/ integral to / and other belief systems/ often/ a culture.

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5.@ &$" ?$) " .

6.($ – % &, "

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10. #' . ( ! , !

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1."If we spoke a different language, we would perceive a somewhat different world."

2."The manner of their living is very barbarous, because they do not eat at fixed times, but as often as they please." - Amerigo Vespucci

3."To have another language is to possess a second soul."

4."Those who know nothing of foreign languages, knows nothing of their own."

5."Man acts as though he were the shaper and master of language, while in fact language remains the master of man."

6."I do not call the soil under my feet my country; but language -- religion -- government -- blood - - identity in these makes men of one country."

7."The more I saw of foreign countries the more I loved my own."

UNIT 3. CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS

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Understand, are causing, is being thought, has withdrawn, have been misinterpreted, have made, are used, were used, had been confirmed, were being mixed, didn’t overlook, will be discussed, will have been repaid, shall be offended, was created.

SIMPLE

PROGRESSIVE

PERFECT

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William Ury’s (Senior Fellow of the Harvard Negotiation Project) suggestion for heated conflicts is to stop, listen, and think, or as he puts it "go to the balcony" when the situation gets tense. By this he means withdraw from the situation, step back, and reflect on what is going on before you act. This helps in cross-cultural communication as well. When things seem to be going badly, stop or slow down and think. What could be going on here? Is it possible I misinterpreted what they said, or they misinterpreted me? Often misinterpretation is the source of the problem.

Active listening can sometimes be used to check this out–by repeating what one thinks he or she heard, one can confirm that one understands the communication accurately. If words are used differently between languages or cultural groups, however, even active listening can overlook misunderstandings.

Miscommunication between people happens all the time, especially when one of the parties is using a second language. Misunderstandings lead to doubt about the real intent of others.

Every country has its own communication style and habits. English speakers have the habit of using sport and military metaphors. They even use mixed metaphors and dead metaphors*. For example, they talk about “leveling the playing field” before they “charge straight in” to the “front line of operations”. They can “step up to the plate and grab the bull by the horns”. Americans like to use slang words and phrases that even other Americans don’t always understand. Japanese people do not like to refuse something, so they say that it will be discussed “later”. Later means never. French people can get easily offended. For example, every word has to have a French translation – e-mail, mail are too English, and so the word “courriel” was created. Germans love details and Italians don’t. And the list of generalized differences can go on and on.

English speakers can rapidly create bad impression by being inappropriately informal. Many cultures have a different concept of respect and formality. In many cultures people will only address others using personal names after several months – or not at all. Native English speakers from all countries generally address acquaintances on the first name basis faster than in some cultures. Americans are the champions with the general use of nick names. Beginning your conversation informally in many countries can be insulting.

* dead metaphors – #

5. .

1.What should people know for committing effective cross-cultural communication?

2.What can cultural differences cause?

3.What is the best recommendation to avoid a cross-cultural conflict?

4.What is the main reason of a cross-cultural conflict?

5.What is the most common type of situation when miscommunication between people happens? Why?

6.What new information have you learned about habits of English speakers?

6. .

1.There is a significant possibility that ______________.

2.The suggestion for heated conflicts is _____________.

3.If words are used differently between languages or cultural groups ________________.

4.Misunderstandings lead to ________________.

5.English speakers have the habit of ________________.

6.Americans like ______________.

7.Japanese people do not like ______________.

8.French people can ______________.

9.Many cultures have _____________.

10.Beginning your conversation informally ________________.

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