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c.population grows

4.Successful communication requires _________

a.these signs to be shared

b.shared knowledge and assumptions

c.both

5.A language represents _________

a.cultural traditions

b.conventional understandings

c.both

6.The primary modes of language are ________

a.images and actions

b.sounds and letters

c. thoughts and ideas

10.. .

Models: a) It is true.

b)It is false.

1.A human language is a highly elaborate system of signs.

2.A language is used both for communication and to support and guide thought.

3.A language is a primary means of creative expression for individuals and groups.

4.A language is a closed system. It doesn’t vary across the community of speakers.

5.Individuals and communities can’t change and shape a language to their needs.

6.Communication depends on the signs of language follow conventions accepted by groups of people.

7.Language has conventions for, when and how to combine signs.

8.A rich system of communicative choices provides the signs and conventions.

9.Successful communication doesn’t require shared knowledge and assumptions.

10.A language shapes our view of the world.

:

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11. -

.

1.is made up of / socially shared rules / language.

2.the verbal means of communicating / speech / is.

3.to describe new situations and objects / can create / every language/ new words.

4.change / all languages / through time.

5.different types of signs / this area of study / will include.

6.have been learning / for years / we / the language.

7.your ear and your mind / during the initial period of adaptation / are adjusting to / the sounds and the rhythm of the language.

8.to make sense of the language / will be amazed at / your increasing ability / you.

12. ! .

1. to achieve 2. the register 3. audience 4. message 5. participants 6. different kinds 7. to influence

8. the distinctive language features 9. considering 10. context 11. content (2) 12. the relationship (2)

Language itself forms an important part of any ( ) being conveyed and is used in different ways in ( ) of texts. Approaching the study and analysis of ( $-" ) of different kinds of texts involves ( ) how language is patterned and structured within texts and ( $) between ( ), and form.

All speakers and writers make decisions about the kinds of language they use. The speaker or writer and the intended ( ) ) are ( ) and their roles, ()) between them, as well as the degree of shared knowledge of ( ), all have bearing on what is communicated. (& ) will also determine the degree of formality and ( $ ) in which the text is communicated.

By considering the stylistic features used in spoken and written varieties of English, students can gain insight into the effect the speaker or writer is trying ( $), why the speaker or writer has chosen particular stylistic features, and how the speaker or writer uses language ($ ) their respective audiences.

13. .

Languages may be synthetic and analytical according to their structure. In synthetic languages, such as for instance Russian, the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means on inflections.

In analytical languages, such as English, the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means of form words and word order. Analytical forms are mostly proper to verbs. An analytical verb-form consists of one or more form words, which have no lexical meaning and only express one or more of the grammatical categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood: e.g. He has come; I am reading.

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UNIT 4. ENGLISH AS THE WORLD LANGUAGE

1. , ! ' # . poly-

polygamy, polyglot, polygon, polygraph;

micro-

microbe, microbiology, microchip, microcomputer, microphone;

super-

superpower, superman, super-film, supernatural, super-ego, superior, supermarket;

multi-

multicultural, multifaith, multifunctional, multilingual, multinational, multimillionaire, multiplication;

cyber-

cybernetics, cyberspace, cybercafe, cybercrime, cyberforensics, cyberfraud, cyberkidnapper, cyberland, cyberterrorism.

2..

1.Do people dream to have a common language for communication?

2.Can you name any language which was widely used by people from different countries for communication?

3.When and why does a language become a world language?

4.Is English a global language now? Why do you think so?

3..

TEXT

ENGLISH AS THE WORLD LANGUAGE

A language achieves a genuinely global status when it develops a special role that is recognized in every country. This role will be most obvious in countries where large numbers of the people speak it as a first language – in the case of English, this would mean the USA, Canada, Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, several Caribbean countries, and a scattering of other territories. However, no language has ever been spoken by mother-tongue majority in more than a dozen or so countries, so mother-tongue use by itself cannot give a language world status. To achieve such a status, a language has to be taken up by other countries around the globe. They must decide to give it a special place within their communities, even though they may have few (or no) mother-tongue speakers.

There are two main ways in which this can be done. First, the language can be made the official (or semi-official) language of a country, to be used as a medium of communication in such domains as government, the law courts, the media, and the educational system.

Second, the language can be made a priority in a country’s foreign-language teaching. It becomes the language which children are most likely to be taught at school, and the one most available to adults who – for whatever reason – never learned it, or learned it badly, in their early educational years. Over 100 countries treat English as just a foreign language; but in most of these, it is now recognized as the chief foreign language to be taught in schools.

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Those who have learned English as a first language are now estimated to be round 400 million. 400 million use English as a second language and there are 600 million who use English as a foreign language. What can account for it?

An obvious factor is the need for a Lingua Franca – a concept probably as old as language itself. But the prospect that a Lingua Franca might be needed for the whole world is something which has emerged strongly only in the 20th century, and since the 1950s in particular. Recall that the chief international forum for political communication – the United Nations – dates only from 1945, and then it had only 51 member states. By 1960 this had risen to over 80 members. But the independence movements which began at that time led to a massive increase in the number of new nations during the next decade, and this process has continued steadily into the 1990s. There are now 185 members of the UN – nearly three times as many as there were 50 years ago. The need for a Lingua Franca is obvious, and the pressure to find a single Lingua Franca is a consequence, the alternative being expensive and often impracticable multi-way translation facilities.

But why English? There is, of course, nothing intrinsically wonderful about the English language that it should have spread in this way. Its pronunciation is not simpler than that of many other languages; its grammar is no simpler – what it lacks in morphology (in cases and genders) it certainly makes up for in syntax (in word-order patterns) – and its spelling certainly isn’t simpler. A language becomes a world language for one reasons only – the power of the people who speak it. But power means different things: it can mean political (military) power, technological power, economic power, cultural power. Political power, firstly, in the form of the colonialism that brought English around the world from the 16th century, so that by the 19th century, the language was one ‘on which the sun never sets’. Secondly, technological power, in the sense of the industrial revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries, was very significant at the English-language event. The 19th century saw the growth in the economic power of the United States and Great Britain.

4. , !", , .

5. .

1.A language achieves a genuinely global status when _______.

a)it develops a special role that is recognized in every country

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b)large number of people speak English as a second language

c)no language has ever been spoken by mother-tongue majority in more than a dozen or so countries

d)the USA, Canada, Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, several Caribbean countries speak English

e)the language is made official (or semi-official) language of a country

2.The language is made a priority __________.

a)in a country’s foreign-language teaching

b)in such domains as the law courts and poetry

c)in linguistics, morphological structure and clause structure

3.Those who have learned English as a first language are now estimated _______.

a)to be round 400 million

b)to be round 600 million

c)to be round 1 billion

4.A language becomes a world language because of __________.

a)the power of the people who speak it

b)the need for a Lingua Franca

c)its pronunciation, grammar, spelling

5.The power of the people who speak English means _________.

a)political power

b)technological power

c)economic power

d)cultural power

e)all the above mentioned

6.( / #' ,

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b)I strongly disagree with it.

1.Mother-tongue use by itself can give a language world status.

2.To achieve a world status, a language has to be taken up by other countries around the globe.

3.The language can be made the official (or semi-official) language of a country, to be used as a medium of communication in such domains as government, the law courts, the media, and the educational system.

4.The language can be made a priority in a country’s foreign-language teaching.

5.English is now recognized as the chief foreign language to be taught in schools.

6.An obvious factor is the need for a Lingua Franca.

7.The power of the people who speak English means athletic power.

8.In the 19th century English was one “on which the sun never sets”.

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The reasons for travelling abroad are many and various. Each journey has immediate linguistic consequences – a language has to be interpreted, learned, and imposed – and over time a travelling trend can develop into a major influence. If there is a contemporary movement towards world English use, therefore, we would expect it to be particularly noticeable in this domain. And so it is. For those whose international travel brings them into a world of package holidays, business meetings, academic conferences, international conventions, community rallies, sporting occasions, military occupations, and other ‘official’ gatherings, the domains of transportation and accommodation are chiefly mediated through the use of English as an auxiliary language. Safety instructions on international flights and sailings, information about emergency procedures in hotels, and directions to major locations are now increasingly in English alongside local languages. Most notices which tell us to fasten our seatbelts, find the lifeboat stations, or check the location of the emergence stairs give us an option in English.

A special aspect of safety is the way that the language has come to be used as a means of controlling international transport operations, especially on water and in the air. English has emerged as the international language of the sea, in the form of Essential English for International Maritime Use – often referred to as ‘Seaspeak’. Progress has also been made in recent years in devising systems of unambiguous communication between organizations which are involved in handing emergencies on the ground – notably, the fire service, the ambulance service, and the police. There is now ‘Emergencyspeak’, trying to cope with problems of ambiguity at the two ends of the Channel Tunnel. And of course there is ‘Airspeak’, the language of international aircraft control. This did not emerge until after the Second World War, when the International Civil Aviation Organization was created. Only then was it agreed that English should be the international language of aviation when pilots and controllers speak different languages. Over 180 nations have since adopted its recommendations about English terminology – though it should be noted that there is nothing mandatory about them.

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26

1.English is a Lingua Franca.

2.English is the most important language in the world.

3.Half of the elementary school education should be in English.

4.English should be recognized as a national language in many countries.

5.English should be recognized as the official world language.

6.The world should learn either British or American English.

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1.Are you happy about English being a Lingua Franca?

2.Are you happy with your level of English?

3.Are you happy about the number of English words in your own language?

4.Should we all learn a neutral language, like Esperanto?

5.Should English be made the official world language by the United States?

6.Should English replace French at the Olympics?

7.Would you like to learn Arabic, Chinese or Spanish?

8.If you were to become poly-lingual, which other languages would you like to learn?

9.Is the spread of English a positive or dangerous thing?

10.Should subjects be taught in English in elementary schools (in addition to the native language)?

11.All in all, at the end of the day, when all is said and done, in a nutshell, what does English mean to you?

12.! -

.

TEXT

ENGLISH AS A WORLD LANGUAGE

Nowadays English has become the world's most important and most universal language. It is the official language in over forty countries and the most used language in (& ), science, medicine, trade and cultural relations. Over 300 million people speak it as (). The native speakers of English live in Great Britain, the USA, Australia and (+ " 0-). English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada, and (1&-

!# " 2).

It is one of the (# $ ) of the United Nations Organization and other political organizations. It is the language of world's ( " ) and computers technology. England's ( ) helps to understand the present condition of English. Many English words were ( ) from the language of Angles and Saxons. Hundreds of (# ) words came into English. Many new words were brought by traders and () ). To know the English language today is absolutely necessary for every ( ), for every good specialist. English is everywhere in ( ) " &). It is in signs, (&), soft drinks, and household products around the world. The names of pop groups, ( $), and magazines are often ( ) in English. English words are also used as elements of magic to be included on T-shirts, ( ), caps etc. Some think English is chic, ( $ "), even when the ( ) on these designed items makes no sense. That is why in order to understand ourselves and the world around us we have to ( $ ) and English in particular.

13. .

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2.What are the most difficult things in the English language for you?

3.Does English need to be improved?

4.What would you like to improve in the English language?

5.Do you believe in possible reforming the English language according to the proposals given below?

EUROENGLISH

The European Commission has just announced an agreement whereby English will be the official language of the EU rather than German, which was the other possibility. As part of the negotiations, Her Majesty's govt conceded that English spelling had some room for improvement and has accepted a 5 year phase in plan that would be known as "EuroEnglish".

In the first year, "s" will replace the soft "c".. Sertainly, this will make the sivil servants jump with joy. The hard "c" will be dropped in favor of the "k". This should klear up konfusion and keyboards kan have 1 less letter.

There will be growing publik enthusiasm in the sekond year, when the troublesome "ph" will be replaced with the "f". This will make words like "fotograf" 20% shorter.

In the 3rd year, publik akseptanse of the new spelling kan be expekted to reach the stage where more komplikated changes are possible.

Governments will enkorage the removal of double letters, which have always ben a deterent to akurate speling.

Also, al wil agre that the horible mes of the silent "e"'s in the language is disgraceful, and they should go away.

By the 4th yar, peopl wil be reseptiv to steps such as replasing "th" with "z" and "w" with "v". During ze fifz year, ze unesesary "o" kan be dropd from vords kontaiining "ou" and similar changes vud of kors be aplid to ozer kombinations of leters.

After zis fifz yer, ve vil hav a reli sensibl riten styl. Zer vil be no mor trubls or difikultis and evrivun vil find it ezi tu understand ech ozer.

ZE DREM VIL FINALI KUM TRU!!!

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) / 8 – “The future of English? A guide to forecasting the popularity of the English language in the 21st century.”

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I’m sure (that) … – - , …

I’m keeping an open mind for the moment – % … I strongly agree with … – - $ …

I strongly disagree with … – - )$ …

I think it’s reasonable to believe that … -- , $ $, …

a)It is estimated that by 2015 two billion people will start learning English around the world, and three billion people – half the planet – will be speaking it. However David Graddoll says that English will not become the Esperanto and dominate global language learning as Arabic, Chinese and Spanish are set to rise in importance. He says the trend is towards “linguistic globalization” and multi-lingualism, not bilingualism, and definitely not monolingualism. French, on the other hand, once considered a Lingua Franca, will see its status as a world language continue to slide.

Although English will escalate in popularity, English language teachers will likely be out of a job by 2050, when so many people will be able to speak English that teaching will drop by a whopping 75% from two billion to 500 million. Instead English will be taught worldwide at elementary level, and many universities across the world will choose to teach English. This suggests a wake-up call for traditionally lazy and monolingual Britons, who tend to shun language learning because of their “everyone speaks English” mentally. Brits will be left behind in a future polylingual world.

b)When a language becomes a world language, what happens to it? There are no precedents, because no language has ever been spoken by so many people in so many countries before. Two questions need to be briefly addressed. Will English fragment into mutually unintelligible languages, as it spreads around the world? Will English kill off other languages?

The answer to the first question is: probably no – at least, not in the foreseeable future. We have to recognize that there are now many new varieties of spoken English developing around the world, in such countries as India, Singapore, and Ghana. They have been called ‘New English’ – and it because they are so many and so widespread that I have given my talk the title it has. Why have they arisen? - Because of the need to express national identity. Put yourselves in the place of one of the newly independent nations of the 1950s and 1960s. With newfound independence comes an urge to manifest your identity in the eyes of the world. And the most convenient way of manifesting this identity is through the medium of the language you use. Many of the new countries, such as Ghana and Nigeria, found that they had no alternative but to continue using English – the alternative was to make an impossible choice between the many competing local ethnic languages – over 400 in the case of Nigeria. However, we can also appreciate their view that to continue with English would be, in the eyes of many, an unacceptable link with the colonial past. How could this dilemma be resolved? The answer was to continue with English, but to shape it to meet their own ends – adding local vocabulary.

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