first defence witness. This is because he is entitled to sit in court throughout the trial, and it would not be right to allow him to call witnesses, and then tailor his evidence to the evidence they have given.
The cross-examination of a defendant can be the highlight of a criminal trial. This is the prosecution’s chance to demonstrate the case against him very directly and personally.
What happens if a witness (whether for the prosecution or the defence) breaks his oath and tells lies? Any person who gives false evidence in court about an important matter may in theory be charged with the criminal offence of perjury but the prosecution for perjury is rare. People are usually charged with perjury only when they have conspired together in a carefully prepared plan to give false evidence.
The prosecution and defence closing speeches are the next stages of a criminal trial. The prosecution barrister will usually make a final speech to the jury explaining how, in the light of all the evidence which has been called, the prosecution says that their case is proved. In their closing speeches, barristers are allowed to comment on the evidence.
Judge’s summing-up is the seventh stage of a criminal trial. There are two main parts to every summing-up:
The judge must first tell the jury what the law is. This includes giving them “legal directions” that the prosecution must prove the case so that they are sure that the defendant is guilty. He must also give directions as to what the prosecution must prove in order to make them sure. If there are several defendants charged with a number of different offences, the judge must ensure that the jury understands what the law is in each case. If there are two or more charges, the judge must tell the jury to consider the charges separately, each on its own merits, and make a separate decision in each case. It is possible for the jury to find the defendant guilty of all charges, or guilty of theft, not guilty of assault, etc.
The judge must remind the jury of the important parts of evidence, including the evidence called by the defence. He must do his best to give a fair and balanced summary of the facts. This does not mean that he should try to make the prosecution and the defence cases sound equally strong. Where it is clear that the evidence for one side is much stronger than the evidence for the other, a fair summing-up will reflect that.
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1.The defendant may ____________
a)give evidence
b)call any witnesses to support his case
c)tailor his evidence to the evidence other witnesses have given.
2.If a witness gives false evidence in court, he ____________
a)may be charged with the criminal offence of perjury
b)may not be charged with the criminal offence of perjury
c)may be charged with the criminal offence of perjury rarely.
3.While making a final speech to the jury the prosecution barrister __________
a)explains how their case is proved
b)calls any witnesses to support the prosecution
c)charges the defendant.
4.The judge must _______________
a)tell the jury what the law is
b)explain that the prosecution proves the case
c)not remind the jury of the important parts of evidence.
5.In his summing-up the judge must do his best ___________
a)to give a fair and balanced summary of the facts
b)to make the prosecution and defence cases sound equally strong
c)to reflect the stronger evidence for one side.
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1.If the defence doesn’t give evidence in court, the jury may hold it against him when deciding whether he is guilty.
2.The cross-examination of the defendant is the prosecution’s chance to demonstrate the case against him very directly and personally.
3.Any person who gives false evidence in court about an important matter may be charged with criminal offence of perjury.
4.If there are two or more charges, the jury must consider them separately.
5.It is impossible for the jury to find the defendant guilty of theft and assault.
6.Balanced summing-up means to make the prosecution and defence cases equally strong.
7.Judge’s summing-up must be fair and reflect the evidence of both sides.
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1.The judge will usually start by reminding the jury that it is for the jury and only for the jury to decide questions of fact.
2.The judge’s role is limiting to deciding legal issues.
3.The judge should not trespass into the jury’s province and express obvious views on the facts or the witnesses, and certainly not on the result.
4.The judge repeats that it is for the prosecution to prove guilt, so that the jury is sure of it, and not for the defence to prove innocence.
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5.The judge defines the law of the offence charged.
6.The judge summarizes what he sees as the main points of evidence.
7.The judge tells the jury that they must try to reach a unanimous verdict.
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2.What happens if a witness breaks his oath and tells lies?
3.He tried to clarify if they had conspired together in a carefully prepared plan to give false evidence.
4.The judge must tell the jury to consider the charges separately if there are two or more charges.
5.The judge asked the witness if he had seen the defendant on the crime scene.
6.The investigator tried to understand if the crime had been committed by a left-handed man.
7.He will now be told in open court if the defendant has committed any crimes before, and if he has, his list of previous convictions will be read out.
8.If a sentence of imprisonment is passed, the convicted person will be escorted to prison.
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2)who play a bigger part in the discussion than others / there will inevitably be some people / some who will understand / some who will tend to believe the police / the legal nuances and the facts better / and others who will be much more defence minded / some who will be more patient than others;
3)there is anything fundamentally unsatisfactory / but there is very little evidence / in the way juries reach their verdicts / anecdotal or otherwise;
4)through the evidence systematically / did not necessarily work / it was found that juries / it was given / in the order;
5)the burden of proof - the presumption of innocence- / they / did not always discuss / which is at the heart of the system;
6)did not always fully understand facts / explained to them / they;
7)according to the law / but in the end / often reached the right result / they usually got the facts right / and they / even if they had imperfectly understood it;
8)to reach a correct conclusion / their collective commonsense / what matters is not so much / should understand every nuance of the law and every factual detail / should in the end use / but that they / that every member of the jury.
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1.Jury trial is a very important symbol of democracy.
2.In recent times there have been strong moves to reduce the rights to trial by jury. That’s right.
UNIT 4. VERDICT AND SENTENCE
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1.It was Jane who committed a crime.
2.It was here where I met her.
3.It is the jury who must consider the verdict.
4.It is the judge who passes sentence in a case.
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1.No one saw him but me.
2.We had no choice but to obey.
3.There was nothing else to do but go.
4.What can we do but sit and wait?
5.This car’s been nothing but trouble.
6.The judge had no choice but to impose punishment.
7.But me no buts.
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to consider a verdict; to announce a verdict to the court; to reach a majority verdict, to follow a verdict, verdict of not guilty; to pass a sentence; to make a record of the sentences; light sentence; sentence of imprisonment.
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1.– Why doesn’t he punish his boys when they disobey him?
–He often threatens to punish them but never actually does so.
2.– Why did you move your car?
–The policeman told me to move it.
3.He appears to have been killed with a blunt instrument.
4.The murderer is said to be hiding in the woods near your house.
5.He is said to have died a natural death.
6.I ask in order to defend my reputation.
7.I admit my accusation to be false.
8.Once the decision to prosecute has been taken, the suspect can be told of it in two ways: by a charge or a summons.
9.The summons is a formal document ordering the defendant to appear in court on a specified day to answer the charge against him.
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10.The barrister for the prosecution goes on to summarize the evidence that he will call on behalf of the prosecution.
11.The regulations require me to wear this uniform.
12.They let us examine the documents.
13.The bank robbers made the cashier show them how to open the safe.
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TEXT
VERDICT AND SENTENCE
The eighth stage of a criminal trial is verdict. It is the jury who must decide whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. This decision is called their verdict. When the judge has finished his summing-up, the jury will go to their room, and consider their verdict in private. One of the jury is elected by them to be their foreman or a forewoman. He or she will act as their unofficial chairman and spokesman and will announce the jury’s verdict to the court.
The last (the ninth) phase of the trial is a quite separate one. It is because the sentence of the court is the punishment which the court must decide to impose. It is the judge who passes sentence in a case. The jury plays no part in this.
Deciding what the punishment should be is always one of the most difficult aspects of the judge’s duties. In some cases he may have no choice but to pass a particular sentence, but in most cases he does have discretion.
The judge must take into consideration all the circumstances of the offence itself. He will have heard about this in the course of the trial. In particular, he must consider the effect that the offence has had on the victim of the crime.
The judge is given information about the defendant’s own personal circumstances. If the defendant has not pleaded guilty and there has been a trial, the judge is already likely to know a good deal about him – his age, family, and employment situation. He will now be told in open court if the defendant has committed any crimes before, and if he has, his list of previous convictions will be read out. He is naturally expected to be more lenient towards a defendant of good character who has been a law-abiding citizen that a defendant who has been in troubles many times.
The judge must give the lawyer representing the defendant the chance to plead for leniency (a light sentence).
If a sentence of imprisonment is passed, the Dock Officer, whose job is to guard a defendant in court, makes a record of the sentences and escorts him to prison at the end of the day.
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a)a defendant is guilty or not guilty;
b)to consider their verdict publicly or in private;
c)to elect a foreman or a forewoman.
2.Deciding what the punishment should be the judge must ____________
a)consider the effect that the offence has had on society;
b)know a good deal about the barrister for the prosecution;
c)consider the effect that the offence has had on the victim of the crime.
3.The judge may be more lenient towards the defendant if ___________
a)the defendant has been a law-abiding citizen;
b)the defence lawyer pleads for leniency;
c)the defendant has been in troubles many times.
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10) follow the verdict |
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1.The prosecution provides the judge with information about the accuser’s previous criminal records.
2.The document containing accuser’s criminal record gives brief details of his education, employment and house circumstances – “evidence of character”.
3.There’s a medical or psychiatric report given to the judge, where the accuser’s mental state may be relevant to the reasons for committing the crime or to the sentence to be imposed.
4.There is a plea in mitigation, delivered by the defendant’s counsel.
5.The judge will look at the actual circumstances before deciding on the exact sentence.
6.The judge’s important task is to decide whether or not to send the accused to prison.
7.The law tells the judge always to ask himself whether the crime is so serious that no sentence other than imprisonment will do.
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1.Different criminal trials are held in accordance with different rules of procedures.
2.Every person who is accused of a crime must know what the accusation is like.
3.In a criminal trial the burden of proving the defendant’s guilt is always on both the prosecution and the judge.
4.An adversarial system involves two sides, the prosecution and defence, as opponents fighting the case out before the jury and the public.
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1.“Members of the jury, this defendant is charged with three offences: theft, assault, and possessing an offensive weapon that is a large lock-knife. The prosecution says that on Saturday 31 December 2005 he entered a pet shop where he appeared to be acting suspiciously.”
2.“It will be for you to decide what actually happened in this case. You must consider each of these charges separately. In each case before you can convict, the prosecution must make you sure that the defendant is guilty. I will now call the evidence before you.”
3.“Jurors who are chosen to serve on a jury will take the oath on the Bible, Muslims on the Koran. If the jurors have no religious beliefs, they will be asked to affirm and permitted to make a solemn promise to give a true verdict according to the evidence.”
4.At trial, the judge ruled the jury that an alibi notice was necessary in respect of the possible evidence.
5.W and F were tried on four joint counts of handling stolen goods. The jury retired at 1.00 p.m. on Thursday and was given the majority direction at 3.35 p.m. At 4.36 p.m., they were called back and asked whether they had reached any verdicts. They returned guilty verdicts on counts 1-3 in respect of F. When asked if they were likely to reach verdicts on the remaining matters, the forewoman said “we are one away from having a majority”. The jury was released for the night.
6.An application by the defence that the video-recorded interview be excluded, on the ground that the substance of her evidence was hearsay because it came from what she had been told by her mother, had been refused by the judge.
7.Thomas has been charged with murder. He is pleading “not guilty” to the charge.
8.The judge in his summing-up failed to give the jury the proper warning that, even if they concluded that the alibi was false, that did not of itself entitle them to convict the defendant. The prosecution must still make them sure of his guilt.
9.14 months’ imprisonment for aggravated vehicle taking six months consecutive for dangerous driving and six months consecutive to both terms for driving with excess alcohol (total 26 months); disqualified from driving for two years.
10.At the conclusion of the evidence, there was a submission of no case to answer in respect of the counts of murder and attempted murder.
11.The judge directed the jury on recent possession, and added: “I told you that you are entitled to draw certain inferences from recent possession but it is for you to (say) how recent is recent. What might be recent possession, for example, for a painting worth a couple of million pounds would, you might think, be very different from what would be recent possession of a packet of cigarettes. It depends upon the property, does it not, and it depends upon the circumstances.”
12.Four years’ imprisonment disqualified from driving for five years and ordered to take an appropriate driving test.
13.The defendant pleaded guilty to two offences of unlawful wounding, two of taking a vehicle without consent, one of burglary and one of false imprisonment.
–So, Mr. Smith, you took Ms. Jones to a movie that night, didn’t't you?
–Objection, Your Honour, counsel is leading the witness.
–I'll rephrase the question. Mr. Smith, where did you go that night? Who did you go with?
–I know Harry well enough to know that two beers usually make him drunk, so I’m sure he was drunk that night too.
–Your Honour, the witness has no firsthand knowledge of Harry’s condition that night.
14.The party calling the witness is not allowed to ask questions that are designed to lead the witness into giving a particular answer. Another important rule is the rule against allowing hearsay evidence. Witnesses may talk about what they saw and heard, but not about what other people may have told them.
15.The judge tells the jury what the law is. He gives them "legal directions". He must also gives directions as to what the prosecution must prove in order to make them sure.
16.The judge reminds the jury of the important parts of evidence. He does his best to give a fair and balanced summary of the facts.
17.Jurors who are guarded by the court ushers, who must ensure that no one interrupts or interferes with them while they are deliberating.
18.The judge takes into consideration all the circumstances of the offence itself. He considers the effect that the offence has had on the victim of the crime. The judge is given information about the defendant's own personal circumstances.
19.The defence argued that the effect of the Criminal Law Act 1967, s. 6(2) was that on an indictment for murder a person might be found not guilt of murder but guilty either of manslaughter or of causing grievous bodily harm with intent.
20.At the trial counsel for the company submitted that there was no case to answer the judge rejected the submissions, whereupon the company changed its plea to guilty.
21.At the first trial Mrs. Freestone gave evidence implicating Miss C. She had been in a cell with her and Miss C had told her that the deceased “had got what he deserved’’ and that her boyfriend and friend “had gone and waited for him and they had sorted him out”.
22.Colk pleaded guilty, on the basis that he had not personally used any violence to the victim. The other defendants pleaded not guilty.
23.The trial judge directed the jury to put the question of diminished responsibility out of their minds since it had not been put forward as a defence and there was no evidence to substantiate it.
24.At the start of the trial, defence counsel submitted that evidence as to those conversations should be excluded.
25.At the end of the defence case prosecuting counsel applied for and obtained leave to adduce evidence in rebuttal relating to entries on all the till rolls.
26.She said that on the day of the search, she had not heard C shout anything and was unaware of the presence of the drugs in the flat. Defence counsel posed the question for the jury—if a tenant is visiting infrequently, does she have control simply through knowledge?
27.At the defendant’s trial for burglary, the prosecutions sought to put before the jury notes of two interviews which the police claimed had been made contemporaneously but neither of which had been signed by the defendant. The defendant’s case was that there had only been one interview, at which no notes had been taken, and that the allegedly contemporaneous notes had in fact been fabricated.
28.The judge submitted that neither the seriousness of the offence nor the danger to the public justified a sentence as long as 14 years. The judge came to the conclusion that the sentence was somewhat too long. A distinction should be made between false imprisonment for a period of three-a-half hours, and other offences of even greater seriousness. Some credit was due for the guilty plea. Keeping in mind the element of public protection, the judge would substitute a sentence of 12 years for the sentence of 14 years.
UNIT 5. MOCK TRIAL
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