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The main areas used in forensic science are biology, chemistry, and medicine, although the science also includes the use of physics, computer science, geology, and psychology. Forensic scientists examine objects, substances (including blood or drug samples), chemicals (paints, explosives, toxins), tissue traces (hair, skin), or impressions (fingerprints or tidemarks) left at the crime scene. The majority of forensic scientists specialize in one area of science.

(Gale Encyclopedia of Espionage and Intelligence)

Definition of Forensic Science 4

Forensic science is the scientific analysis and documentation of evidence suitable for legal proceedings. Many people have heard the term “forensics” used to describe school debate clubs. There is a similarity between these two forms of the word. In academic forensics, political or other issues are debated between two teams using a logical approach, and likewise in forensic science the debate (or comparison) is between the physical evidence and the known or suspected circumstances about an event.

Forensic scientists determine scientific facts from the evidence they evaluate and may testify as expert witnesses in civil or criminal courts or other legal proceedings. It is the responsibility of the lawyers, judges, and juries to prosecute, defend, and judge the guilt or innocence of an individual accused of wrongdoing. It is the responsibility of the forensic scientist to present the scientific facts in a fair, objective manner based on accepted scientific methods to facilitate the decision. (Hamilton County Forensic Center)

Definition of Forensic Science 5

Forensic science is the recognition, collection, identification, individualization, and interpretation of physical evidence, and the application of science and medicine for criminal and civil law, or regulatory purposes.

(McGraw-Hill Science &Technology Dictionary)

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UNIT 3. FORENSIC JOBS AND EDUCATION

1..

1.Does forensic science require a definite level of education in a definite area of science?

2.What should students decide early in the college?

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3.Do investigation of crimes and analyzing evidence require the same type of education?

4.How long should students study to earn a Bachelor Degree?

5.Can undergraduates with B.S. degree apply for a job?

6.What are the advantages of MSFS graduate program?

7.How long does MSFS program last?

8.Is it easy for Bachelors to compete with Masters?

It is good to start planning early for any career, especially in forensic science. Forensic science is an interesting field since it spans so many areas, with each area requiring a different education path. Prospective students are most confused when trying to figure out what type of work a real forensic scientist actually does. Unfortunately, students must decide early in college whether they are interested in the lab side of forensic science or the investigative side. Investigating crimes and analyzing evidence in the lab are closely related areas of work, but most of the time each requires a different type of education.

In college, there are a couple choices to make. First, some colleges offer an undergraduate degree in forensic science. A B.S. in forensic science is basically a chemistry or biology degree with some classes covering forensic applications and criminal justice mixed in. The other undergraduate option is to complete a chemistry or biology degree at a 4-year university. After completing an undergraduate B.S. degree, you can start applying for forensic science lab jobs, or attend a 2- year MSFS (Master of Sciences in Forensic Science) graduate program. The advantages of completing a MSFS degree are that graduates can better compete for entry level jobs and graduates will be qualified for eventual promotions to supervisory positions. You will notice that MSFS students still enter crime labs at the entry level. This is one reason why it may be more difficult for a student with just a B.S. degree to find employment since they are competing with MSFS graduates.

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a) microscopic examining b) evidence c) analysis d) scene of a crime e) forensic scientists f) the data interpretation g) the suspect h) a report

Simply stated, forensic scientists study the details of a crime and report their findings to a court of law. To do this, ____1____perform physical and chemical analyses on criminal

____2_____ submitted by the police or other law enforcement agencies. The physical evidence may be found at the ____3_____, on a victim, or both. Regardless, forensic scientists use a variety of problem-solving methods, mathematical principles, complex instruments, and ____4____ techniques to explain the intricacies of each piece of evidence from a case. Some forensic scientists work in laboratories, while others conduct their analysis at the scene of the crime.

After analyzing the physical evidence, forensic scientists draw links between ____5_____, the victim, and the crime scene. For example, they may use physical evidence to determine the model, year, and even the identity of the owner of a car associated with a crime. Then, they explain the results of their ___6____and describe the methods they used to reach their conclusion

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in____7____, which they will cite while providing testimony in court. Throughout this process, forensic scientists ensure that their examination of physical evidence is complete, tests are administered correctly, _____8____ is accurate, their report is clear and concise, and their testimony is truthful.

6..

1.What does a forensic scientist do?

2.What feature distinguishes forensic scientists from any other scientist?

3.Where do forensic scientists work?

4.Who is considered to be the grandfather of modern criminalistics?

5.What does a criminalist do?

6.What does a forensic generalist do?

7. What does an evidence technician do?

TEXT

WHAT IS A FORENSIC SCIENTIST?

A forensic scientist examines physical evidence and then testifies about the results of their findings in court. They are in fact defined by the expectation that they may give expert testimony about their examinations and further provide interpretations or opinions under oath. As explained in Thornton (1997): “The single feature that distinguishes forensic scientists from any other scientist is the certain expectation that they will appear in court and testify to their findings and offer an opinion as to the significance of those findings. The forensic scientist will testify not only to what things are, but to what things mean. Forensic science is science exercised on behalf of the law in the just resolution of conflict.”

A true forensic scientist is not a policeman, nor are they partial about the outcome of their examinations. They are objective investigators of scientific fact. Subsequently, a forensic scientist may work in a state run crime lab, or they many work in private practice.

There are different kinds of physical evidence, and subsequently there are different kinds of forensic scientists, all variously educated and trained.

The Austrian Jurist Dr. Hans Gross (born Johann Baptist Gustav Gross, 1847-1915), was one of the earliest forensic scientists of modern record. In his ground-breaking text, System Der Kriminalistik published in 1893, he is widely credited with coining the term "criminalistics". Dr. Gross is also widely regarded as the grandfather of modern criminalistics. A criminalist, by his usage, would have been one who studies crime, criminals, and the scientific methods of their identification, apprehension, and prosecution.

In modern use, the scope of the term criminalist has been greatly narrowed. It now refers only to a particular kind of forensic scientist who, according to the American Board of Criminalists (ABC), specializes in one or more of the following areas:

Forensic Biology (serology and/or DNA) Drug Analysis

Fire Debris Analysis

Trace Evidence (hairs, fibers, paints, & polymers).

A criminalist may or may not be board certified. They may also be trained in crime reconstruction related to their areas of specialized knowledge, though this is not always the case. Some may visit crime scenes on a regular basis, and some may never leave their lab station. Most modern criminalists will have a four-year degree of some kind, likely in a hard science like chemistry or biology. However, there are plenty of exceptions. Every lab and agency has their own unique policies and procedures about such things.

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Criminalist

Forensic generalist

Evidence technician

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INTERNAL MEMORANDUM

From:

To:

Date:

Dear Mr. ….

I am writing to remind you that you are involved with a newly emerging forensic science specialty, so …..

A variety of skills are essential to an individual’s effectiveness as a forensic science professional, ……

SKILLS AND QUALITIES REQUIRED

Great patience and concentration: much work is monotonous, painstaking, detailed and routine.

High quality of analytical work.

Excellent attention to detail.

Logical, unbiased and methodical in your approach to solving problems as you will have to give impartial evidence in court.

An inquisitive, open mind.

Work well in a team and independently.

Outgoing personality with strong verbal communication and presenting skills for reporting roles.

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sives, toxins), tissue traces (hair, skin), or impressions (fingerprints or tidemarks) left at the crime scene. The majority of forensic scientists specialize in one area of science.

Evidence and Trace Examination

The analysis of the scene of crime or accident involves obtaining a permanent record of the scene (forensic photography) and collection of evidence for further examination and comparison. Collected samples include biological (tissue samples such as skin, blood, semen, or hair), physical (fingerprints, shells, fragments of instruments or equipment, fibers, recorded voice messages, or computer discs) and chemical (samples of paint, cosmetics, solvents, or soil).

Most commonly, the evidence collected at the scene is subsequently processed in a forensic laboratory by scientists specializing in a particular area. Scientists identify, for example, fingerprints, chemical residues, fibers, hair, or DNA left behind. However, miniaturization of equipment and the ability to perform most forensic analysis at the scene of crime results in more specialists being present in the field. Presence of more people at the scene of crime introduces a greater likelihood of introduction of contamination into the evidence. Moreover, multi-handling of a piece of evidence (for example a murder weapon being analyzed by many specialists) is also likely to introduce traces of tissue or DNA not originating from the scene of a crime. All this results in strict quality controls imposed on collection, handling, and analysis of evidence to ensure lack of contamination. For example, in DNA analysis it is essential that samples are stored at the correct temperature and that there is no contamination from a person handling a sample by wearing clean gloves and performing analysis in a clean laboratory.

Ability to properly collect and process forensic samples can affect the ability of the prosecution to prove their case during a trial. The presence of chemical traces or DNA on a piece of debris is also crucial in establishing the chain of events leading to a crime or accident.

A growing area of forensic analysis is monitoring non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, analysis of possible terrorist attacks or breaches of security. The nature of samples analyzed is wide, but slightly different to a criminal investigation. In addition to the already described samples, forensic scientists who gather evidence of mass destruction collect swabs from objects, water, and plant material to test for the presence of radioactive isotopes, toxins, or poisons, as well as chemicals that can be used in production of chemical weapons. The main difference from the more common forensic investigation is the amount of chemicals present in a sample. Samples taken from the scene of suspected chemical or biological weapons often contain minute amounts of chemicals and require very sensitive and accurate instruments for analysis.

Biological traces.

Biological traces are collected not only from the scene of crime and a deceased person, but also from surviving victims and suspects. Most common samples obtained are blood, hair, and semen. DNA can be extracted from any of these samples and used for comparative analysis.

DNA is the main method of identifying people. Victims of crashes or fires are often unrecognizable, but adequate DNA can be isolated and a person can be positively identified if a sample of their DNA or their family's DNA is taken for comparison. Such methods are being used in the identification of the remains in Yugoslav war victims, the World Trade Center terrorist attack victims, and the 2002 Bali bombing victims.

Biological traces, investigated by forensic scientists come from bloodstains, saliva samples (from cigarette buts or chewing gum) and tissue samples, such as skin, nails, or hair. Samples are processed to isolate the DNA and establish the origin of the samples. Samples must first be identified as human, animal, or plant before further investigation proceeds. For some applications, such as customs and quarantine, traces of animal and plant tissue have to be identified to the level of the species, as transport of some species is prohibited. A presence of a particular species can also prove that a suspect or victim visited a particular area. In cases of national security, samples are tested for the presence of pathogens and toxins, and the latter are also analyzed chemically.

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12..

1.What is forensic science used for?

2.What do forensic scientists examine?

3.What does the analysis of the scene of crime or accident involve?

4.Is it possible to perform most forensic analysis at the scene of crime?

5.What do the presence of more people at the scene of crime and multi-handling of a piece of evidence require?

6.What affects the ability of the prosecution to prove their case during a trial?

7.What do forensic scientists who gather evidence of mass destruction collect?

8.How are biological traces collected?

9.Where is DNA analysis method used?

10.Where do biological traces come from?

11.What is the main idea of the text?

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Forensic Scientist Interview

Michael Howard

Job Title: Forensic Scientist (Criminalist), Self-employed

Years in Field: 29 years

Michael Howard explains educational requirements, skills needed, misconceptions and other factors involved in his work as a forensic scientist.

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