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.pdf1. In the 21st Century ____________ can be famous simply by being in the right place at the right time. They are the nobodies, turned somebodies, and are often turned into somebodies based on the ridiculous things they do. - (Andy Warhol)
2."Most men seem to live according to sense rather than__________." – (St. Thomas Aquinas)
3."___________ is the best policy." – (Benjamin Franklin)
4."If I feel depressed I will sing. If I feel sad I will laugh. If I feel ill I will double my labor. If I feel fear I will plunge ahead. If I feel inferior I will wear new garments. If I feel uncertain I will raise my voice. If I feel poverty I will think of wealth to come. If I feel incompetent I will think of past success. If I feel insignificant I will remember my goals. Today I will be the master of my
_____________." – (Og Mandino)
5."He who lives in ______________ with himself lives in _____________ with the universe." –
(Marcus Aurelius)
6."The higher the building the lower the __________." – (Noel Coward)
7."Do not worry about avoiding ________________. As you grow older it will avoid you." – (Joey Adams)
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1.We _____unite to resist oppression, and tyrants _____ not triumph over us.
2.You’ve been a good child and when we get home you ____ have a sweet.
3.Your boss _____ hear of this.
4.Members _____ write the names of their guests in the book provided. (Club rule)
5.This tenant _____ be responsible for all repairs. (Clause of lease)
6.Yachts _____ go round the course passing the marks in the correct order. (Extract from Yacht Racing Rules)
7.Club officers _____ be elected yearly and _____ not be eligible for re-election at the end of the year. (Extract from the club regulations)
8.They are going much too fast. I keep warning them to reduce speed but they _____ not do it. (Police officer in a loud-speaker van besides a motorway in thick fog)
9.Ten persons _____ constitute a quorum. (Committee regulations)
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CODE OF ETHICS
Board of Forensic Document Examiners
PREFACE
The statements in this Code of Ethics generally express the ethical standards expected of forensic document examiners who are certified by the Board of Forensic Document Examiners. It is our responsibility as professionals to maintain the highest ethical standards in our relationships with clients and in the opinions expressed concerning evidence examined.
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TEXT
LAWYERS AND SCIENTISTS
All men are liable to error; and most men are, in many points, by passion or interest, under temptation to it.
John Locke (1632-1704)
Lawyers and forensic scientists enjoy a close, yet often uneasy, relationship. Forensic scientists must not forget that lawyers have moral and legal obligations that often generate conflict and misunderstanding among those with scientific minds. For example, defense lawyers have an obligation to conduct a spirited defense of the accused, especially if they are guilty. Like it or not, the fundamental purpose of the criminal justice system is to protect the rights of the accused.
Lawyers work in adversarial situations where the clear objective remains winning a favorable decision for one's client through knowledge of the law. The adversarial system depends for its success upon the vigilance of opposing counsel, who also works toward the same objective. In this sense, law is outcome based. In law, a judge or a jury determines the truth. What juries or judges say, through their verdicts, is what is so. This legal goal has nothing whatever to do with proper, logical, scientific practice.
In sharp contrast to the practice of law, science remains justification based. Reaching the truth, or as close as one can come to it, depends upon the available evidence combined with a reliable method and not upon the rhetoric of persuasion. Scientists remain dependent upon data and present their conclusions as tentative, conditional, or probable in nature where appropriate. Lawyers, however, represent one of two rival positions arguing for acceptance. They may be operating with a different set of facts. The scientist may present the data, but the lawyer may argue that the data is inadmissible and prevent the data from becoming evidence. Where a scientist may see a complex issue consisting of many related parts whose interactions may be unclear to varying degrees, a lawyer may see the issue simply as “yes” or “no”, black or white, on or off, true or false. In other cases, what the scientist sees as black and white data may become more complex in the law's view.
In this sense, at least, forensic scientists and lawyers speak different languages with different objectives, unfortunately using many of the same words. The words truth, fact, certainty, possible, and probable can mean very different things in law and in science.
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I strongly believe that … - 6 !, …
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1. Lawyers have moral and legal obligations that often generate conflict and misunderstanding among those with scientific minds.
2.The fundamental purpose of the criminal justice system is to prove the truth.
3.Lawyers work in adversarial situations where the main aim is to win the case.
4.Law is outcome based meanwhile science remains justification based.
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witness |
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1. an expert witness |
a. unbiased |
2. factual evidence |
b. oral evidence |
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3. facts |
c. hearsay evidence |
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4. biased |
d. counterarguments |
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5. written reports |
e. a layman |
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6. arguments |
f. the right |
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7. the duty |
g. opinions |
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1. Expert evidence should be seen to be ___________
2. To provide clarity on the facts of the case, and to prevent such cases from turning into a "he said, she said," both parties often bring in __________ to testify on their behalves.
3.Expert witnesses provide their interpretation of the _____ of the case during the pre-trial period.
4.The work involves a lot of reading and reviewing different ___________.
5.Expert witnesses should be _____________.
6.Expert witnesses are perceived very differently from ___________, both by the law and by the public. It gives you some _______ and advantages but imparts added responsibilities.
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Q: What is your name?
A: Lionel Thompson, Your Honour. Q: Your occupation?
A: I am a doctor, and have been all my life.
Q: Did you examine Deborah Ann Kaye and review her file?
A: The young woman who suffered massive brain damage while in Dr. Towler’s care? Yes. Q: What is your educational background?
A: I went to Howard University as an undergraduate and majored in chemistry. I went to medical school at N.Y.U. and got my M.D. in 1958.
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