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4. How close together are your lines of writing?

Very far apart - indicates that you are isolated, detached and reserved.

Apart far enough that letters do not touch - indicates that you enjoy social interactions and are talkative.

Close enough so that the descendants touch the ascendants - indicates that you like to be organized. 5. What color ink did you choose?

Blue black - indicates that you are rational and conservative. You adhere to conventions and traditions.

Red - indicates that you are spiritual rather than material, and may have a deep understanding of other people's problems.

Light blue - indicates that you are strong, vital, energetic and affectionate. You also have an original approach.

6. How large was your capital I in the sample?

Larger than the other capital letters - indicates that you are a person with a high opinion of yourself, or who wants others to think that you do.

Smaller than other capitals - indicates that you are well adjusted and harmonious, a person content with your current role.

7. What do your t bars look like?

Crossbars tend to be to the left of the stem of the 't' - indicates that you are cautious, possibly uncertain about things.

Cross the 't' more or less in the middle - indicates that you are not very original but quite responsible.

Crossbars tend to be to the right of the stem of the 't' - indicates that you are reliable and conscientious with leadership qualities.

8. Your writing slopes,

Upward - indicates that you are energetic, optimistic, and assertive. Downward - indicates that you are steadfast, purposeful, and possibly aloof.

9. Which takes the most space vertically in a line of your writing?

The ascenders - indicates that you are idealistic, ambitious, and intuitive.

The middle zone letters - indicates that you are a materialist, and prone to exaggeration. The descenders - indicates that you have a tendency to be bossy.

10. How much pressure does your writing show?

Fine and spidery - indicates that you are a person of sensitivity, refinement, modesty, and spirituality. You may also be overly critical and austere.

Firm and even - indicates that you are a person of strong but rigid will, obstinate but powerful. Heavy - indicates that you are a person of energy and elasticity, able to roll with the punches and adapt to whatever life brings.

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Handwriting analysis of US President Obama reveals at least nine characteristics common place among previous world renowned leaders of commerce, politics, and the arts.

*Large capital letters in signature show a healthy ego, confidence;

*An open loop on the letter h indicates a mind open to different philosophies;

*The short stem on the d's reveals an independent thinker;

*A figure-8 shaped g designates one with fluid thinking; and

*A clean letter points out his openness and bluntness.

322

A person's handwriting is as unique as their personality, and there's good reason to look for traces of their personality in their handwriting. Have you ever wanted to analyze handwriting? Here's how to start your lucrative career in graphology

Look at the pressure of the strokes. A high pressure means the person has a high Emotional Energy. People with a high Emotional Energy have a lot of enthusiasm for life and are often very successful. People with a low Emotional Energy find most situations draining and will try to avoid them.

Look at the size of the letters. Large letters mean the person is outgoing and extraverted; small letters mean the person is reclusive and introverted. There are many aspects to the size of writing and alone it doesn’t indicate many things. Size (and especially the relative size of letter parts) needs to be considered along with other factors. There are some simple indicators however. Small writing is generally a strong indicator of a detailed, technical personality. Large rounded and dominant central case letters indicate a friendly and sociable personality.

Look at the slope of the strokes. Is there a consistent slope to the letters and therefore the words in the sample? Check by drawing lines through the up and downward strokes. Backwards slopes indicate an introverted personality; forward slopes are extraverted. Upright strokes indicate a personality who is motivated by factors other than people, (i.e. neither extrovert nor introvert). The

323

degree of slope reflects the degree of extraversion or introversion. The degree of consistency of the slope (i.e. parallel strokes) indicates the degree of emotional consistency.

Look at the line slope. Writing which rises to the right shows optimism and cheerfulness. Sagging to the right shows physical or mental weariness. (This applies to signatures slopingdownwards also.)

Look at the flow. One of the essential indicators, but like any other factor not to be used on its own. Generally, restraint is indicated every time the pen leaves the paper, and the converse applies. Gushing, eager, impulsive people have a more continuous flow of writing. Flowing writing has linked letters and sometimes linked words. Thoughtful, considered people will have fewer linked letters and no linked words. Artistic and conceptual people who like space and time around them will often have completely separated letters. (It follows that pressure at school on some children to ‘write joined-up’ - because the common view is that to do otherwise is ‘not grownup’ - is unnatural and often counter-productive. In any event continuity of flow does not correlate to intelligence.)

Look at the spacing. Space between words indicates social attitude to others. Close words are a sign of sociability. Large spaces between words indicate the person is comfortable alone, and may even distrust others. Spacing between letters shows artistic spatially aware character, (artists, etc.)

Look at the decoration and distortion. Don’t confuse the two. Decoration is intended; distorted is malformed and unintentional. Both are different to unfinished letters, which is a different indicator. Decoration is generally a sign that the writer wishes to be noticed more than he or she is at present. Malformed letters indicate a variety of things which must be dealt with individually. Unfinished words can be a sign of intelligence and impatience.

Look at some more characteristics of handwriting.

ANALYTICAL THINKINGv- wedges for m, n- bottom baseline intersections

BLUNT increasingly heavy downward and forward middle final

BROADMINDED wide e-loop

CONCENTRATION small writing

CULTURAL

REFINEMENT middle letter printed as capital

EMOTIONAL

INTENSITY,

MUCH

AVAILABLE heavy average stroke

sorts and separates information in assessing their value, evaluates information and supporting patterns

brings matters to a conclusion and thrusts it upon others

liberal self-viewpoints, free of bigotry

focuses attention on one activity ignoring all other influences

integration and discrimination of creative artistic and structural systems into one's mode of living

possesses strong libido and passions, abundance of available energy and vitality, proactive

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pressure

FORGETFUL missing t-bars

HUMOUR initial wavy upper area down stroke to baseline

REBELLIOUS inflated triangular forward inverted upper circle

VANITY

tall t, d-stem height

inability to recall information or planned action, absentmindedness

the contrast between reality and assumed values provokes amusement

open hostility towards authority and for any form of discipline, belligerent

excessively high regard of ones conduct demonstrated through a sense of superiority

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A doctor, found it easier to communicate with one of his elderly, hard-of- hearing patients by writing her notes. One day she came to the office for some test results. "Now, doctor," she said sternly, "If you have anything to tell me, please have your secretary type it. Frankly, your handwriting is worse than my hearing."

U.S. journalist and politician Horace Greeley was renowned for his illegible handwriting. He once wrote a note to a member of his staff on the New York Tribune, dismissing him for gross negligence of duty.

Meeting Greeley several years later, the journalist told his former chief how useful his note of dismissal had proved. “I took it with me,” he said. “Nobody could read it, so I declared it a letter of recommendation, gave it my own interpretation, and obtained several first-class situations by it. I am really very much obliged to you.”

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9. ( .

4 « % » «% »?

Forensic science is the application of various sciences to the law. The application of

allied sciences and analytical techniques to questions concerning documents is

termed forensic document examination. The examination of questioned documents

consists of the analysis and comparison of questioned handwriting, hand printing, typewriting, commercial printing, photocopies, papers, inks, and other documentary

evidence with known material in order to establish the authenticity of the contested material as well as the detection of alterations.

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Forensic document examiners (FDEs) help lawyers by examining and offering written opinions on a variety of disputed document problems including: wills, deeds, medical records, income tax records, time sheets, contracts, loan agreements, election petitions, checks, and anonymous letters.

Lawyers benefit from FDEs' specialized knowledge of literature in the questioned document field. This knowledge will assist lawyers in preparing meaningful direct examination questions for their own experts and cross-examination questions for opposing experts.

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There is no college degree or major in forensic document examination. The majority of FDEs have undergraduate or master's degrees, however. Most of the recognized regional and national forensic science organizations require a baccalaureate degree as a condition of membership.

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Like most forensic disciplines, on-the-job specialized training from experienced examiners is the only way to acquire expertise. No substitute exists for a legitimate structured training program. Forensic document examination does not lend itself to autodidactic learning or to correspondence courses.

8 – ?

Graphology or graphoanalysis attempts to predict character traits from handwrit- ing examination. Forensic document examination involves the analysis and com- parison of questioned documents with known material in order to identify, when-

ever possible, the author or origin of the questioned document. Some graphologists call themselves handwriting analysts or document examiners and are therefore confused with FDEs. In U.S. the court rejected the testimony of a proffered

handwriting examiner, in part, because his training was completed through a correspondence school and strongly emphasized graphoanalysis. But it also pointed out that the witness was not certified by the ABFDE.

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UNIT 5. TEST YOUSELF

1. .

TEXT

PROCESS OF COMPARISON

A document examiner compares questioned handwriting or signatures side-by-side to the known standards. Handwriting attributes are examined both visually and microscopically. Everyone who looks at writing and signatures notices the most conspicuous features first, such as the slant of the writing and how the letters are formed. An examiner will look beyond the obvious features and study the subtle, inconspicuous aspects of the questioned signature or writing. By applying basic rules in document analysis, combined with experience observing thousands of letter formations and words, an expert examiner is able to determine if writing is genuine or is not.

A good analogy to handwriting identification taught to beginners is that you have been given a general description of a person. He is male, 30 years old, with dark hair and eyes, 170 pounds, 6 feet tall, with a scar on his forehead. He walks with a permanent limp and has a tattoo of a rose on his left arm. You must find this individual among a group of passengers who are coming off a plane at the airport. The first five characteristics are common; many men fit that general description. With the addition of the next three uncommon characteristics, the field narrows significantly. With all the traits combined, when you see this individual and your brain has processed the description, you will recognize him in the crowd. If the individual differed in weight by a few pounds or in age by a few years, that would not be significant. The general description could be off slightly without changing the identification. However, if one of the last three traits were missing, that would be significant and you may not have the right individual.

The analogy applies to handwriting. Some: writing features are common, and some handwriting characteristics are considered uncommon or even rare. The common features are referred to as class characteristics. These are writing attributes observed in a group of writers that are probably derived from a penmanship system they learned. The uncommon handwritten characteristics, known as individual characteristics, are considered distinctive, personal, or peculiar to the handwriting of one person. An experienced document examiner is able to recognize class characteristics and avoid identifying an individual's writing solely on the basis of these common handwriting features. If the writing is naturally executed, and a combination of similarities between the questioned material and known standards is significant and individual, the examiner renders an opinion that the questioned and known material were written by the same individual. If the questioned writing or signature contains a combination of significant dissimilarities or indications of forgery the examiner may proffer an opinion, of not genuine. In doing a comparison, an examiner studies characteristics, such as how letters are constructed, how they are connected, the beginning and ending strokes of letters, the relative height ratio of letters, the spacing between letters and words, the skill level, speed, size, and shading.

2. , # # . (True or False)

1.Everyone who looks at writing and signatures notices the mistakes in spelling of the words and grammar.

2.An examiner will study all aspects of the questioned signature or writing.

3.An analogy to handwriting identification is that you have been given a general description of a person.

327

4.A scar on his forehead, a permanent limp and a tattoo of a rose on his left arm are considered to be common characteristics and many men fit that general description.

5.Some writing features are common, and some handwriting characteristics are considered uncommon.

6.The common features of writing are referred to as class characteristics.

7.Every document examiner can easily recognize class characteristics and avoid identifying an individual's writing solely on the basis of these common handwriting features.

8.In doing a comparison, an examiner studies characteristics, such as how letters are constructed and how they are connected.

2. .

1. signature

a. The act of the illegal production of some-

 

thing counterfeit.

2. slant

b. A written symbol or character representing a

 

speech sound and being a component of an al-

 

phabet.

3. forgery

c. The writing characteristic of a particular per-

 

son.

4. stroke

d. One's name as written by oneself.

5. letter

e. A distinguishing feature, as of a person's

 

character.

6. handwriting

f. A line that is other than perpendicular or

 

horizontal.

7. comparison

g. A single mark made by writing or marking

 

implement such as a pen.

8. trait

h. A statement or estimate of similarities and

 

differences.

3., & $# .

4.( ! .

1. …. includes comparison, identification of handwriting, and analysis of questioned documents.

a)Graphology

b)Handwriting examination

c)Forensic science

d)Forensic linguistic

2. …. is the study and analysis of handwriting especially in relation to human psychology.

a)Graphology

b)Handwriting examination

c)Forensic science

d)Forensic linguistic

3. Handwriting features that examiners evaluate include ….

a)the analysis of semantic meaning in words and pragmatic meaning in words

b)the comparison of speech patterns

328

c)the size and slope of the writing, pen pressure, the spacing between words and letters, height, beginning and ending strokes, and line quality.

d)the physical evidence of a document

4. Everyone's writing consists of a combination of …

a)letters and sounds

b)class and individual characteristics

c)dots and commas

d)letters and numbers

5. …. studies all aspects of a document to determine its authenticity and origin, including handwriting, typewriting, fingerprinting, commercial printing, photocopies, inks and papers.

a)a graphologist

b)a criminalist

c)a forensic document examiner

d)a scientist

6. …. is a means of identifying forgery and establishing the authenticity of documents in dispute.

a)Crime scene examination

b)Speech examination

c)Handwriting examination

d)Document examination

5. !$ .

JOB TITLE

GRAPHOLOGISTS

FORENSIC DOCUMENT

 

 

EXAMINERS

 

 

 

WHAT DO THEY DO?

 

 

 

 

 

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF

 

 

HANDWRITING?

 

 

 

 

 

ARE THEY CREDIBLE IN

 

 

TESTIMONY?

 

 

 

 

 

THINGS IN COMMON

 

 

 

 

 

GLOSSARY

1. authentication 1. ; 2.

( )

2.authenticity , ;

~of documents – $

3.credibility – !,

329

credible – ", ", & " credibly –

4.credit , $

5.characteristic , !,

class characteristics – ;

directly perceptible ~ -

individual characteristics – $

6. document – 1. , , !, -

; 2. ,

document examination – %

questioned document examination - # %

7.expertise – ;

8.graphology

graphoanalisis – # % graphologist – #

graphological - # "

9.genuineness - ,

genuine text of … - " -

10.handwriting –

~analysis – %

~identification –

~sample –

~individual characteristics – $

11.item 1) , ; 2) ; 3)

12. profile 1) ( ) 2) !-

; 3) ,

13. pen -

pen scope – $ ballpoint pen - ) fountain pen –

penmanship – #,

14. writer – ( ), ,

the ~ - &

be a good (bad) ~ - $ ) " (")

emotional energy of the ~ - % $ left-handed ~ - )

poor ~ personality of the ~ - $ type-writer – ) )

15. writing – 1) 2) 3) ( )

~ ability – $ ~ act –

~area – $

~instrument – ) "

~system – $

cursive ~ - $, " ) # line of ~ - $

rhythm of the ~ skilled ~ "

16. verification - , ,

17.validation - ,

valid – "$ ", " ( )

330