Questions to lecture #6

1. What is rhyme?

2. What is full rhyme?

3. What is imperfect rhyme?

4. What rhymes do the following groups of words have: great – late; hear the mellow wedding bells; rider – beside her; how now brown cow; strong – string?

5. What is male rhyme?

6. What is female rhyme?

7. What is dactylic rhyme?

8. What types of rhyme do you see in the following groups of words: spent – went; painted – acquainted; battery – flattery; pleasure – treasure?

9. What is the difference between simple and dactylic rhyme?

10. What patterns of rhyme can you distinguish?

11. What is the pattern of the following rhyme: abba?

12. What pattern of rhyme can you distinguish in the following popular nursery rhyme?

Humpty Dumpty

Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall;

Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.

All the King's horses and all the King's men

Couldn't put Humpty together again!

13. What are the four most popular English stanzas?

14. What is the name of stanza used in the following poem?

The Eve of St. Agnes

ST. AGNES’ Eve—Ah, bitter chill it was!

The owl, for all his feathers, was a-cold;

The hare limp’d trembling through the frozen grass,

And silent was the flock in woolly fold:

Numb were the Beadsman’s fingers, while he told

His rosary, and while his frosted breath,

Like pious incense from a censer old,

Seem’d taking flight for heaven, without a death,

Past the sweet Virgin’s picture, while his prayer he saith.

(by John Keats (1795–1821))

15. Read the monologue of Hamlet “To be or not to be” in Supplement 7. Learn it by heart.

Lecture #7

Functional styles of the english language

1. STYLE OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS

2. SCIENTIFIC PROSE STYLE

3. PUBLICISTIC STYLE

A. Oratory and Speeches

B. The Essay

C. Articles

4. NEWSPAPER STYLE

A. Headlines

B. Advertisements and Announcements

5. BELLES-LETTER STYLE (FICTION)

A. Poetry

B. Emotive Prose

C. The Drama

Every idea can be expressed in different words. Everything depends on the situation. Depending on the situation, the English language developed different functional styles of the bookish language. A functional style is a system of expressive means and vocabulary serving a definite aim of communication. The target for a translator is not only to interpret the main ideas of the text in a different language, but also to keep the style of the text.

1. Style of official documents

The main function of this style is communicative, and it lies in expressing various possible relations between countries, governments, states, parties, and also companies of the state and its citizens.

There are various official documents like official statements, pacts, treaties, business and commercial correspondence, military orders, instructions, and etc.

The main features of the style of this type of documents are as follows:

1. All words are used in their direct (logical) meaning. The language of documents abounds in cliches, terms and set phrases. They prove to be stable and permanent, some of them are archaic.

2. There are many abbreviations, shortenings and symbols.

3. Each official document is characterized by its compositional patterns. A form of an official document is usually suggestive of its contents. Business letters usually begin with the name, address of the sender, the date, the name and the address of the addressee. Treaties, pacts, statutes, charters are documents of a considerably large size, but they may consist of 2 or 3 sentences with many subordinate clauses, infinitival, gerundial, and participial constructions.

Official documents archaic words: on behalf of, hereinafter referred to as, in accordance with, in all respects, yours faithfully dreams abbreviations: et al., Ltd., CIF, MP