- •Practical modern english stylistics (практическая стилистика современного английского языка)
- •Содержание
- •Introduction to stylistics 8
- •Введение
- •Introduction to stylistics
- •2. Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •3. Functional styles of speech
- •Questions to lecture #1
- •Stylistic classification of the english vocabulary
- •1. Stylistically-neutral words
- •2. Stylistically-coloured words:
- •1. Stylistically-neutral words
- •2. Stylistically-coloured words
- •Questions to lecture #2
- •Lexical stylistic devices
- •2. Metaphor
- •3. Personification
- •4. Allusion
- •5. Metonymy
- •6. Synecdoche
- •7. Antonomasia
- •8. Periphrasis
- •9. Euphemism
- •10. Epithet
- •11. Over-statement (hyperbole)
- •12. Under-statement (meiosis)
- •13. Oxymoron
- •14. Zeugma
- •15. Pun
- •16. Irony
- •17. Paradox
- •Questions to lecture #3
- •Syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices
- •2. Detachment
- •3. Parenthesis
- •4. Ellipsis
- •5. Break-in-the-narrative (aposiopesis)
- •6. Parallelism
- •7. Chiasmus (reversed parallelism)
- •8. Repetition
- •9. Tautology
- •10. Polysyndeton
- •11. Asyndeton
- •12. Enumeration
- •13. Rhetorical question
- •14. Stream-of-consciousness method
- •Questions to lecture #4
- •Poetic expressive means and stylistic devices
- •1. Euphony
- •2. Metre
- •1. Euphony
- •2. Metre
- •Questions to lecture #5
- •English versification
- •1) Full rhyme
- •3. Patterns of rhyme
- •4. Structure of verse. Stanza
- •Questions to lecture #6
- •The Eve of St. Agnes
- •Functional styles of the english language
- •1. Style of official documents
- •2. Scientific prose style
- •3. Publicistic style
- •4. Newspaper style
- •5. Belles-letter style (fiction)
- •Questions to lecture #7
- •Stylistic analysis of the narrative
- •1. Characteristics of the narrative
- •3. The basics of analysis
- •1. Characteristics of the narrative
- •3. The basics of analysis
- •Questions to lecture #8
- •Supplements
- •1. Stylistically coloured and neutral verbs
- •2. Paraphrase the text
- •3. Translate the text
- •4. Lexical stylistic devices
- •5. Syntactic stylistic devices
- •6. Poetic stylistic devices
- •1) State the types of feet in the following poems (iambus, trochee, dactyl, amphibrach, and anapest)
- •2) Choose three of the poems and learn them by heart
- •7. To be or not to be … William Shakespeare To be, or not to be (from Hamlet 3/1)
- •8. Application letter
- •9. Cover letter
- •10. Abstract
- •12. Giving a presentation
- •14. The football match
- •Библиография
9. Tautology
Syntactic tautology is the repetition of the subject expressed by a noun in a form of a pronoun.
Syntactic tautology And the maiden, she lived with no other thought. |
10. Polysyndeton
Polysyndeton is the excessive use of several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted (as in "he ran and jumped and laughed for joy").
Polysyndeton "I said, 'Who killed him?' and he said 'I don't know who killed him, but he's dead all right,' and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights or windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Key and she was right only she was full of water." (Ernest Hemingway) |
11. Asyndeton
Asyndeton is a stylistic device in which conjunctions are deliberately omitted from a series of related clauses. It is contrary to polysyndeton. This device helps the author to make each unit independent and prominent. Its use can have the effect of speeding up the rhythm of a passage and making a single idea more memorable. A classical example of asyndeton is the Latin quote of Julius Caesar “Veni, vidi, vici” (I came, I saw, I conquered).
Asyndeton They dove, splashed, floated, splashed, swam, snorted. (James T. Farrell) |
12. Enumeration
Enumeration is naming separate things, objects, ideas, phenomena, and actions one by one in chain.
The members of enumeration usually belong to the same part of speech, but different semantic classes.
Enumeration The principle production of these towns appears to be soldiers, sailors, chalk, shrimps, officers and dockyard men. |
13. Rhetorical question
A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question without the expectation of a reply. It is posed for a persuasive effect.
Rhetorical questions encourage the listener to reflect on what the implied answer to the question must be. The answer is either supplied by the author, or left for the reader to guess.
Some rhetorical questions require no answer, while other rhetorical questions intend the communication of a “yes” or “no” answer. Sometimes, it may me “Yes, but I wish it were not so”, or “No, but I wish it were yes”.
Rhetorical question “no answer” How much longer must our people endure this injustice? “yes” Is the sky blue? Is the snow cold? “no” But where will Europe’s latter hour Again find Wordsworth's healing power? (Matthew Arnold) |
14. Stream-of-consciousness method
Stream of consciousness is a narrative mode that seeks to portray an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his or her actions. Its aim is literally stenographing the working of a human mind. The greatest importance is given to character’s sensations and reactions as they arise in his mind with all their possible distant and inexplicable associations.
Stream of Consciousness Oh, God, please don’t let her die. I’ll do anything for you if you don’t let her die. Please, please, please, dear God, don’t let her die […] you took the baby but don’t let her die. That was all right but don’t let her die. Please, please, dear God, don’t let her die. (Hemingway) |