Questions to lecture #4

1. What are syntactical stylistic devices based on?

2. What is inversion? Give your examples.

3. Where can you often find inversion?

4. What is detachment? Give your examples.

5. What is parenthesis? Give your examples.

6. What is the difference between parenthesis and ellipsis?

7. Give your examples of ellipsis.

8. What is aposiopesis? Give your examples.

9. What is parallelism? Give your examples.

10. How are gradation and antithesis connected with parallelism?

11. What is chiasmus? Give your examples.

12. What is repetition? List the types of repetition depending on the part of the sentence repeated.

13. What is tautology? Give your examples.

14. What is polysyndeton? Give your examples.

15. What is asyndeton? Give your examples.

16. What is enumeration? Give your examples.

17. What is rhetorical question? Give your examples.

18. What is stream of consciousness method? Give your examples.

Lecture #5

Poetic expressive means and stylistic devices

1. Euphony

A. Allliteration

B. Assonance

C. Sound Symbolism

D. Rhythm

E. Rhyme

2. Metre

A. Trochee

B. Iambus

C. Dactyl

D. Amphibrach

E. Anapest

Poetic expressive means and stylistic devices are aimed at producing a pleasant acoustic effect and arousing certain emotions of the reader or listener. They are based on the acoustic effect produced by the words and sentences.

1. Euphony

Euphony is a combination of sounds producing a pleasant acoustic effect. It is achieved by alliteration, assonance, rhythm, rhyme and sound symbolism. Euphony is pleasing and harmonious, while cacophony is harsh and discordant.

A. Alliteration

Alliteration is the recurrence of an initial consonant in two or more words, which either follow one another, or appear close enough to be noticeable.

This device is very widely used in English – more often than in other languages – due to the fact that words in Old English were stressed on the first syllable.

We can see it in poetry and prose, very often in titles of books, in slogans and in set phrases. Consonance is the repetition of the same consonant sound anywhere in a string of words, not just the initial sound as is in alliteration.

Alliteration Set expressions part and parcel, safe and sound, forgive and forget, bed and breakfast Book Titles Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (Ch. Dickens), The Last Leaf (O. Henry)

B. Assonance

Assonance is repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences, and together with alliteration and consonance serves as one of the building blocks of verse.

For example, in the phrase “Do you like blue?”, the [‘oo’ (ou/ue)] sound is repeated within the sentence and is assonant.

Assonance is more a feature of verse than prose.

Assonance Pleased to meet you. Please, be seated. I feel the need, the need for speed. Hear the mellow wedding bells. (Edgar Allan Poe)

C. Sound Symbolism

Sound Symbolism is the use of words, the sounds of which imitate noises and sound produced in nature by machines, animals, natural phenomena.

Sound Symbolism bang, hiss, clap, drip Qualcomm ("quality" and "communications") and Verizon ("horizon," as in forward-looking) to Intel ("intelligent" and "electronics")

D. Rhythm

Rhythm is the variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or other events. It is the pattern of interchange of strong (stressed) and weak (unstressed) syllables.

If there is no regularity of segments, the text is classified as prose, if segments recur periodically, the text is classified as poetry. Thus, the most distinctive feature of poetry is not the recurrence of rhyming words, but the rhythm – rhyme is typical, but not indispensable.

E. Rhyme

Rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more different words and is most often used in poetry and songs.

The word “rhyme” may also refer to a short poem, such as a rhyming couplet or other brief rhyming poem such as nursery rhymes.