- •2. How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning?
- •3. What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
- •4. What grammatical categories do the finite forms of the verb have? What are they? What are synthetic and analytical forms?
- •5. What factors govern the choice between aspect forms?
- •6. When is it obligatory or possible to use present tense forms to express future or past events?
- •7. Different ways of expressing future time.
- •8. What does the grammatical category of voice indicated? How many voices are there in English and what are they?
- •9. How is the Passive Voice formed in English? What are the main types of translation of the Passive Voice into Russian?
- •10. What types of Passive constructions are there in English?
- •11. What are the main restrictions to the use of passive constructions?
- •13. What is the difference in the indication of a posterior event by a common form or a continuous form?
- •14. When is a perfect form not used?
- •15. What is the “stative passive”? Give examples.
- •16. What is the difference in presentation of the event by the constructions “used to do” and “would do”?
- •17. The difference between “gone (to)” and “been (to)”?
- •18. Troublesome verbs.
- •19. What is a “Sequence of Tenses”?
- •20. Direct and indirect speech.
- •21. What nouns are called countable and uncountable?
- •22. What groups of concrete nouns do you know?
- •23. What groups of uncountable nouns do you know?
- •24. How do countable nouns form their plural form?
- •25. Irregular plural nouns.
- •26. What nouns can be countable or uncountable depending upon their meaning in the context?
- •27. What cases does the English noun have? Do these cases have endings?
- •28. What is the genitive case? How is it formed?
- •29. What nouns can be used in the genitive case?
- •30. What are “participle adjectives”?
- •31. What adjectives have degrees of comparison and how are they formed?
- •32. In what cases do adjectives follow nouns they refer to?
- •33. What adjectives are always used attributively?
- •34. What adjectives are always used predicatively?
- •35. What do adjectives denote?
- •37. What is the order of the prepositive adjectives?
- •38. Comparative construction.
- •39. Substantivized adjectives.
- •40. Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adjectives.
- •41. Adjectives after verbs.
- •42. What Morphological Characteristics do adverbs have?
- •43. What groups of adverbs do you know?
- •44. What is the position of adverbs in the sentence?
- •45. What adverbs form degrees of comparison synthetically?
- •46. What adverbs form degrees of comparison analytically?
- •Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •47. Word order – adverbs with a verb.
- •48. Semantic groups of pronouns.
- •49. Number and case forms of pronouns.
- •50. Forms of “other”.
- •51. Expressions of quantity.
- •52. What pronouns have a conjoint form and an absolute form?
- •53. What pronouns are used to form emphatic constructions?
- •54. What pronouns are used to specify objects from the point of view of their number or quantity?
- •55. What pronouns would you use to make a statement of a general character?
- •56. What may prepositions indicate?
- •57. How can prepositions be subdivided in accordance with their meaning?
- •58. How can prepositions be classified in accordance with their structure?
- •63. “For, during and while” – grammatical difference.
- •64. Does a noun always co-occur with an article?
- •65. What other noun modifiers are frequent in English?
- •66. What article indicates that the object denoted by the noun is unique or specifically known to the speaker(writer) and the hearer(reader)?
- •67. What is a limiting attribute?
- •68. What groups of nouns are preferably used without articles?
- •69. When can we use the article “a” before words beginning with a vowel?
- •70. When do we use the article “an” before words beginning with a consonant?
- •71. What article do we use when we give a person’s job title or their unique position?
- •72. When can we use the article “the” before the names of particular people?
- •73. When can we use the indefinite article or sometimes “zero article” with a name?
- •74. What articles are traditionally used with proper names denoting individual living being? What change of meaning of the proper name does the indefinite article indicate?
- •75. What proper names denoting inanimate objects are preferably used without articles or with the definite article?
- •76. The usage of articles with the names of meals.
- •77. What articles do we use with such nouns as: “school, prison, hospital, university, church”?
- •78. What articles should we use for musical instruments?
- •79. Usage of articles with the names of countries, mountains, islands.
- •80. Usage of articles with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes.
- •1.2.2. Voice
- •1.2.3. Aspect
- •85. Infinitive constructions. Complex Subject. Complex Object. For – Construction.
- •1. The objective with the infinitive construction
- •1) The subject
- •87. What is Gerund? How to distinguish it from the Participle 1 and the Verbal Noun? How to translate the Gerund into Russian?
- •88. What is the Participle 1? How to translate it into Russian?
- •89. What is the Participle 2? The functions of the Participle 2 in the sentence?
- •1. Attribute.
- •2. Adverbial Modifier
- •3. Predicative
- •90. Parenthesis. Dangling or Misrelated Participle.
- •91. Constructions with the Participle
- •92. Gerundial Constructions
- •93. The Infinitive. The syntactical and morphological features of the Infinitive.
- •II. The morphological features of the infinitive (The forms of the infinitive)
- •97. What verbals can be used as subject or object?
- •98. What are the verbs which can be followed by –ing or to with a difference of meaning?
21. What nouns are called countable and uncountable?
Nouns which have two number forms are called countable nouns, or "countables". The majority of countable nouns form their plural form by adding the ending "-s" to the singular:
boy — boys, girl — girls, dog — dogs
If the singular form ends in “-y” preceded by a consonant, the “-y” will be changed for “-i” and the ending “-es” will follow:
family - families
When used in the singular form the nouns:
may be modified by the demonstrative pronouns in the singular - "this" or "that";
agree with the verb in the singular;
may have the indefinite article.
When used in the plural form the nouns:
may be modified by the demonstrative pronouns in the plural — "these" or "those";
agree with the verb in the plural;
cannot have the indefinite article.
22. What groups of concrete nouns do you know?
Concrete nouns are used to name physical objects
Concrete nouns may be further subdivided into:
"thing" nouns — denoting single physical objects (animate or inanimate) having a certain shape and measurements
boy, girl, dog, table, chair;
mass nouns — denoting a physical substance having no particular shape or measurements, "materials"
bread, butter, sugar, tea, copper, timber;
collective nouns — denoting a group of objects (animate or inanimate) or paired objects
family, crew, jury, shorts.
23. What groups of uncountable nouns do you know?
Uncountables have only one form:
1. Singularia Tantum
These nouns generally have no grammatical ending. Nouns belonging to this group:
may be modified by the demonstrative pronouns in the singular — "this" or "that";
agree with the verb in the singular;
cannot have the indefinite article.
To this group there belong:
common concrete "mass" nouns
bread, butter, sugar, tea, copper;
common abstract nouns
news, knowledge, information, progress, advice;
proper concrete "thing" nouns
John, White Fang, London, the Thames;
proper abstract nouns
the Renaissance, the Reformation.
2. Pluralia Tantum
These nouns generally have the ending "-s" ("-es"). They:
may be modified by the demonstrative pronouns in the plural - "these" or "those";
agree with the verb in the plural
cannot have the indefinite article.
To this group there belong:
common concrete collective nouns
clothes, greens, savings, goods, dominoes, etc
common abstract collective nouns
tactics, politics;
proper concrete collective nouns
the British Isles, the Azores, the Andes.
24. How do countable nouns form their plural form?
Nouns (though not all of them) have two numbers: singular and plural.
Nouns which have two number forms are called countable nouns, or "countables". The majority of countable nouns form their plural form by adding the ending "-s" to the singular:
boy — boys, girl — girls, dog — dogs.
If the singular form ends in "-y" preceded by a consonant, the "-y" will be changed for "-i" and the ending "-es" will follow:
family — families.