- •2. How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning?
- •3. What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
- •4. What grammatical categories do the finite forms of the verb have? What are they? What are synthetic and analytical forms?
- •5. What factors govern the choice between aspect forms?
- •6. When is it obligatory or possible to use present tense forms to express future or past events?
- •7. Different ways of expressing future time.
- •8. What does the grammatical category of voice indicated? How many voices are there in English and what are they?
- •9. How is the Passive Voice formed in English? What are the main types of translation of the Passive Voice into Russian?
- •10. What types of Passive constructions are there in English?
- •11. What are the main restrictions to the use of passive constructions?
- •13. What is the difference in the indication of a posterior event by a common form or a continuous form?
- •14. When is a perfect form not used?
- •15. What is the “stative passive”? Give examples.
- •16. What is the difference in presentation of the event by the constructions “used to do” and “would do”?
- •17. The difference between “gone (to)” and “been (to)”?
- •18. Troublesome verbs.
- •19. What is a “Sequence of Tenses”?
- •20. Direct and indirect speech.
- •21. What nouns are called countable and uncountable?
- •22. What groups of concrete nouns do you know?
- •23. What groups of uncountable nouns do you know?
- •24. How do countable nouns form their plural form?
- •25. Irregular plural nouns.
- •26. What nouns can be countable or uncountable depending upon their meaning in the context?
- •27. What cases does the English noun have? Do these cases have endings?
- •28. What is the genitive case? How is it formed?
- •29. What nouns can be used in the genitive case?
- •30. What are “participle adjectives”?
- •31. What adjectives have degrees of comparison and how are they formed?
- •32. In what cases do adjectives follow nouns they refer to?
- •33. What adjectives are always used attributively?
- •34. What adjectives are always used predicatively?
- •35. What do adjectives denote?
- •37. What is the order of the prepositive adjectives?
- •38. Comparative construction.
- •39. Substantivized adjectives.
- •40. Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adjectives.
- •41. Adjectives after verbs.
- •42. What Morphological Characteristics do adverbs have?
- •43. What groups of adverbs do you know?
- •44. What is the position of adverbs in the sentence?
- •45. What adverbs form degrees of comparison synthetically?
- •46. What adverbs form degrees of comparison analytically?
- •Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •47. Word order – adverbs with a verb.
- •48. Semantic groups of pronouns.
- •49. Number and case forms of pronouns.
- •50. Forms of “other”.
- •51. Expressions of quantity.
- •52. What pronouns have a conjoint form and an absolute form?
- •53. What pronouns are used to form emphatic constructions?
- •54. What pronouns are used to specify objects from the point of view of their number or quantity?
- •55. What pronouns would you use to make a statement of a general character?
- •56. What may prepositions indicate?
- •57. How can prepositions be subdivided in accordance with their meaning?
- •58. How can prepositions be classified in accordance with their structure?
- •63. “For, during and while” – grammatical difference.
- •64. Does a noun always co-occur with an article?
- •65. What other noun modifiers are frequent in English?
- •66. What article indicates that the object denoted by the noun is unique or specifically known to the speaker(writer) and the hearer(reader)?
- •67. What is a limiting attribute?
- •68. What groups of nouns are preferably used without articles?
- •69. When can we use the article “a” before words beginning with a vowel?
- •70. When do we use the article “an” before words beginning with a consonant?
- •71. What article do we use when we give a person’s job title or their unique position?
- •72. When can we use the article “the” before the names of particular people?
- •73. When can we use the indefinite article or sometimes “zero article” with a name?
- •74. What articles are traditionally used with proper names denoting individual living being? What change of meaning of the proper name does the indefinite article indicate?
- •75. What proper names denoting inanimate objects are preferably used without articles or with the definite article?
- •76. The usage of articles with the names of meals.
- •77. What articles do we use with such nouns as: “school, prison, hospital, university, church”?
- •78. What articles should we use for musical instruments?
- •79. Usage of articles with the names of countries, mountains, islands.
- •80. Usage of articles with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes.
- •1.2.2. Voice
- •1.2.3. Aspect
- •85. Infinitive constructions. Complex Subject. Complex Object. For – Construction.
- •1. The objective with the infinitive construction
- •1) The subject
- •87. What is Gerund? How to distinguish it from the Participle 1 and the Verbal Noun? How to translate the Gerund into Russian?
- •88. What is the Participle 1? How to translate it into Russian?
- •89. What is the Participle 2? The functions of the Participle 2 in the sentence?
- •1. Attribute.
- •2. Adverbial Modifier
- •3. Predicative
- •90. Parenthesis. Dangling or Misrelated Participle.
- •91. Constructions with the Participle
- •92. Gerundial Constructions
- •93. The Infinitive. The syntactical and morphological features of the Infinitive.
- •II. The morphological features of the infinitive (The forms of the infinitive)
- •97. What verbals can be used as subject or object?
- •98. What are the verbs which can be followed by –ing or to with a difference of meaning?
50. Forms of “other”.
Adjective Pronoun |
Forms of other are used as either adjectives or pronouns. Notice: A final –s is used only for a plural pronoun (others). |
Singular: another book (is) another (is) Plural: other books (are) others (are) | |
Singular: the other book (is) the other (is) Plural: the other books (are) the others (are) | |
|
The meaning of another: one more in addition to the one(s) already mentioned. The meaning of other/others (without the): several more in addition to the one(s) already mentioned. |
|
The meaning of the other(s): all that remains from a given number; the rest of a specific group. |
|
Each other and one another indicate a reciprocal relationship. In (d) and (e): I write to him every week, and he writes to me every week. |
|
Every other can give the idea of “alternate”. In (f): Write on the first line. Do not write on the second line. Write on the third line. Do not write on the fourth line. |
|
Another is used with expressions of time, money, and distance, even of these expressions contain plural nouns. |
51. Expressions of quantity.
An expression of quantity (e.g., one, several, many, much) may precede a noun. Notice below: Some expressions of quantity are used only with count nouns; some only with noncount noun; some with either count or noncount nouns. | ||
EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY |
USED WITH COUNT NOUNS |
USED WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS |
one each every |
one apple each apple every apple |
|
two both a couple of three, etc. a few several many a number of |
two apples both apples a couple of apples three apples a few apples several apples many apples a number of apples |
|
a little much a great deal of |
|
a little rice much rice a great deal of rice |
not any/no some a lot of lots of plenty of most all |
not any/no apples some apples a lot of apples lots of apples plenty of apples most apples all apples |
not any/ no rice some rice a lot of rice lots of rice plenty of rice most rice all rice |
AFEW AND FEW, A LITTLE AND LITTLE
A few
A little |
(a) She has been here only two weeks, but she has already made a few friends. (Positive idea: She has made some friends.)
(b) I'm very pleased. I've been able to save a little money this month. (Positive idea: I have saved some money instead of spending all of it.) |
A few and a little give a positive idea; they indicate that something exits, in (a) and (b).
|
Few
Little
|
(c) I feel sorry for her. She has (very) few friends. (Negative idea: She does not have many friends; she has almost no friends.)
(d) I have (very) little money. I don't even have enough money to buy food for dinner. (Negative idea: I do not have much money; I have almost no money.) |
Few and little (without a) give a negative idea; they indicate that something is absent.
Very (+ few/little) makes the negative idea stronger, the number/amount smaller.
|
USING OF IN EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
MOST + NONSPECIFIC NOUN (a) Most books are interesting.
(b) INCORRECT: Most of books are interesting.
|
In (a): The speaker is not referring to specific books. The speaker is not referring to “those books” or “your books” or “the books written by Mark Twain”. The noun “books” is nonspecific.
In(b): The word of is not added to an expression of quantity (e.g., most) if the noun it modifies is nonspecific. |
MOST +OF + SPECIFIC NOUN (c) Most of those books are mine. (d) Most of my books are in English. (e) Most of the books on that table are mine.
|
A noun is specific when it is precede by:
When a noun is specific, of is used with an expression of quantity.* |
EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY FOLLOWED BY OF + A SPECific NOUn all, most, some/any + of + specific plural count noun or noncount noun, as in (f) many, (a) few, several, both, two, one + of + specific plural count noun, as in (g) much, (a) little + of + specific noncount noun, as in (h) | |
(f) count: Most of those chairs are uncomfortable. noncount: Most of that furniture is uncomfortable. (g) count: Many of those chairs are uncomfortable. (h) noncount: Much of that furniture is uncomfortable. |
*NOTE: of is always a part of the following expressions of quantity, whether the noun is nonspecific or specific: a lot of, lots of, a couple of, plenty of, a number of, a peat deal of.
NONSPECIFIC: I've read a lot of books. SPECIFIC: I've read a lot of those books.