- •2. How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning?
- •3. What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
- •4. What grammatical categories do the finite forms of the verb have? What are they? What are synthetic and analytical forms?
- •5. What factors govern the choice between aspect forms?
- •6. When is it obligatory or possible to use present tense forms to express future or past events?
- •7. Different ways of expressing future time.
- •8. What does the grammatical category of voice indicated? How many voices are there in English and what are they?
- •9. How is the Passive Voice formed in English? What are the main types of translation of the Passive Voice into Russian?
- •10. What types of Passive constructions are there in English?
- •11. What are the main restrictions to the use of passive constructions?
- •13. What is the difference in the indication of a posterior event by a common form or a continuous form?
- •14. When is a perfect form not used?
- •15. What is the “stative passive”? Give examples.
- •16. What is the difference in presentation of the event by the constructions “used to do” and “would do”?
- •17. The difference between “gone (to)” and “been (to)”?
- •18. Troublesome verbs.
- •19. What is a “Sequence of Tenses”?
- •20. Direct and indirect speech.
- •21. What nouns are called countable and uncountable?
- •22. What groups of concrete nouns do you know?
- •23. What groups of uncountable nouns do you know?
- •24. How do countable nouns form their plural form?
- •25. Irregular plural nouns.
- •26. What nouns can be countable or uncountable depending upon their meaning in the context?
- •27. What cases does the English noun have? Do these cases have endings?
- •28. What is the genitive case? How is it formed?
- •29. What nouns can be used in the genitive case?
- •30. What are “participle adjectives”?
- •31. What adjectives have degrees of comparison and how are they formed?
- •32. In what cases do adjectives follow nouns they refer to?
- •33. What adjectives are always used attributively?
- •34. What adjectives are always used predicatively?
- •35. What do adjectives denote?
- •37. What is the order of the prepositive adjectives?
- •38. Comparative construction.
- •39. Substantivized adjectives.
- •40. Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adjectives.
- •41. Adjectives after verbs.
- •42. What Morphological Characteristics do adverbs have?
- •43. What groups of adverbs do you know?
- •44. What is the position of adverbs in the sentence?
- •45. What adverbs form degrees of comparison synthetically?
- •46. What adverbs form degrees of comparison analytically?
- •Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •47. Word order – adverbs with a verb.
- •48. Semantic groups of pronouns.
- •49. Number and case forms of pronouns.
- •50. Forms of “other”.
- •51. Expressions of quantity.
- •52. What pronouns have a conjoint form and an absolute form?
- •53. What pronouns are used to form emphatic constructions?
- •54. What pronouns are used to specify objects from the point of view of their number or quantity?
- •55. What pronouns would you use to make a statement of a general character?
- •56. What may prepositions indicate?
- •57. How can prepositions be subdivided in accordance with their meaning?
- •58. How can prepositions be classified in accordance with their structure?
- •63. “For, during and while” – grammatical difference.
- •64. Does a noun always co-occur with an article?
- •65. What other noun modifiers are frequent in English?
- •66. What article indicates that the object denoted by the noun is unique or specifically known to the speaker(writer) and the hearer(reader)?
- •67. What is a limiting attribute?
- •68. What groups of nouns are preferably used without articles?
- •69. When can we use the article “a” before words beginning with a vowel?
- •70. When do we use the article “an” before words beginning with a consonant?
- •71. What article do we use when we give a person’s job title or their unique position?
- •72. When can we use the article “the” before the names of particular people?
- •73. When can we use the indefinite article or sometimes “zero article” with a name?
- •74. What articles are traditionally used with proper names denoting individual living being? What change of meaning of the proper name does the indefinite article indicate?
- •75. What proper names denoting inanimate objects are preferably used without articles or with the definite article?
- •76. The usage of articles with the names of meals.
- •77. What articles do we use with such nouns as: “school, prison, hospital, university, church”?
- •78. What articles should we use for musical instruments?
- •79. Usage of articles with the names of countries, mountains, islands.
- •80. Usage of articles with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes.
- •1.2.2. Voice
- •1.2.3. Aspect
- •85. Infinitive constructions. Complex Subject. Complex Object. For – Construction.
- •1. The objective with the infinitive construction
- •1) The subject
- •87. What is Gerund? How to distinguish it from the Participle 1 and the Verbal Noun? How to translate the Gerund into Russian?
- •88. What is the Participle 1? How to translate it into Russian?
- •89. What is the Participle 2? The functions of the Participle 2 in the sentence?
- •1. Attribute.
- •2. Adverbial Modifier
- •3. Predicative
- •90. Parenthesis. Dangling or Misrelated Participle.
- •91. Constructions with the Participle
- •92. Gerundial Constructions
- •93. The Infinitive. The syntactical and morphological features of the Infinitive.
- •II. The morphological features of the infinitive (The forms of the infinitive)
- •97. What verbals can be used as subject or object?
- •98. What are the verbs which can be followed by –ing or to with a difference of meaning?
2. Adverbial Modifier
Participle II in this function is always preceded by a conjunction.
a) Adverbial modifier of time
In this function Participle II is preceded by the conjunctions when, while, and once:
When given a chance he did his best. - Когда ему предоставили шанс, он проявил себя с лучшей стороны.
b) Adverbial modifier of cause
Both participle I (indefinite and passive) and participle II can be used in this function:
He changed his mind, realizing that the whole thing was useless.
Sentences with participle I as an adverbial modifier of cause belong to formal style:
Being tired (=as he was tired), he went home at once. - Будучи усталым (=т.к. он устал), он сразу же пошел домой.
c) Adverbial modifier of comparison
Both participle I indefinite and participle II are introduced by the conjunctions as if as though:
She ran to the house as if trying to escape. She nodded as if convinced by what was saying.
d) Adverbial modifier of manner/attendant circumstances
Participle 1 can have both functions, which sometimes combine:
She was busy cooking in the kitchen, (manner)
The girl was silting in the corner weeping bitterly, (attendant circumstances)
He came running to see what was going on. (manner)
She came knocking on the door, (manner or attendant circumstances)
Participle II denoting manner is introduced by as:
Fill in the application form as instructed.
Note that the verbs come and go are used with the infinitive to denote purpose:
She went/came to see the new house.
Come is used with the infinitive as object to denote a gradual change:
She came to like the song.
Come and go are used with participle I to describe manner or activity:
She came rushing.
He went hunting in the woods.
e) Adverbial modifier of condition
Participle II is used here after the conjunction if:
The thing is vety fragile. If dropped, it can break into very small pieces.
Participle I is used in this function only as part of an absolute participial construction.
f) Adverbial modifier of concession
Participle II and participle I as adverbial modifier of concession are introduced by the conjunctions while, whilst, though:
While liking dogs, he never let them come into his house.
Though discouraged by the lack of support, she went on trying.
3. Predicative
Both participle I and participle II can be used as predicatives:
The idea itself was disturbing. She was disappointed.
Note that with participle II the verb get can be used instead of be in Modern English:
They tell us that in the end the criminal always gels caught. The subject somehow got taught.
90. Parenthesis. Dangling or Misrelated Participle.
Parenthesis
Both participle I and participle II are used in parenthetical expressions: frankly/generally speaking, judging by appearances, stated/put bluntly:
Put bluntly, she had no chance of winning.
Dangling or Misrelated Participle
As has been said, we often use participles instead of finite clauses when the subject does not change. The normal attachment rule for both participle I and participle II is that their subject is assumed to be identical in reference to the subject of the finite verb.
Getting into the train, she remembered that she had forgotten the ticket. (=When she was getting ... she ... .)
Sometimes, however, ambiguous sentences may be found:
* Wait ing on the platform, a policeman arrested him.
In this case it is not clear who was waiting on the platform, he or the policeman. This participle is called "misrelated" or "dangling" and should be avoided. Sometimes misrelated participles occur in sentences with it as subject:
Having missed the train, it seemed wise to me not to go at all.
When using the device, it must be remembered that...
It is a formal subject in these sentences and cannot serve as a subject to the participial phrase. Possible variants here are:
As I missed the train, it seemed...
When using the device, you/one should remember...
Some participles {considering, regarding, speaking) are habitually used in sentences where they might be thought to dangle:
Speaking of fruit, does anyone want an apple?
Regarding of political authorities, the most obvious danger is of a change of government.
However, such sentences are quite acceptable, since the participles function here as prepositions or conjunctions.