- •2. How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning?
- •3. What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
- •4. What grammatical categories do the finite forms of the verb have? What are they? What are synthetic and analytical forms?
- •5. What factors govern the choice between aspect forms?
- •6. When is it obligatory or possible to use present tense forms to express future or past events?
- •7. Different ways of expressing future time.
- •8. What does the grammatical category of voice indicated? How many voices are there in English and what are they?
- •9. How is the Passive Voice formed in English? What are the main types of translation of the Passive Voice into Russian?
- •10. What types of Passive constructions are there in English?
- •11. What are the main restrictions to the use of passive constructions?
- •13. What is the difference in the indication of a posterior event by a common form or a continuous form?
- •14. When is a perfect form not used?
- •15. What is the “stative passive”? Give examples.
- •16. What is the difference in presentation of the event by the constructions “used to do” and “would do”?
- •17. The difference between “gone (to)” and “been (to)”?
- •18. Troublesome verbs.
- •19. What is a “Sequence of Tenses”?
- •20. Direct and indirect speech.
- •21. What nouns are called countable and uncountable?
- •22. What groups of concrete nouns do you know?
- •23. What groups of uncountable nouns do you know?
- •24. How do countable nouns form their plural form?
- •25. Irregular plural nouns.
- •26. What nouns can be countable or uncountable depending upon their meaning in the context?
- •27. What cases does the English noun have? Do these cases have endings?
- •28. What is the genitive case? How is it formed?
- •29. What nouns can be used in the genitive case?
- •30. What are “participle adjectives”?
- •31. What adjectives have degrees of comparison and how are they formed?
- •32. In what cases do adjectives follow nouns they refer to?
- •33. What adjectives are always used attributively?
- •34. What adjectives are always used predicatively?
- •35. What do adjectives denote?
- •37. What is the order of the prepositive adjectives?
- •38. Comparative construction.
- •39. Substantivized adjectives.
- •40. Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adjectives.
- •41. Adjectives after verbs.
- •42. What Morphological Characteristics do adverbs have?
- •43. What groups of adverbs do you know?
- •44. What is the position of adverbs in the sentence?
- •45. What adverbs form degrees of comparison synthetically?
- •46. What adverbs form degrees of comparison analytically?
- •Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •47. Word order – adverbs with a verb.
- •48. Semantic groups of pronouns.
- •49. Number and case forms of pronouns.
- •50. Forms of “other”.
- •51. Expressions of quantity.
- •52. What pronouns have a conjoint form and an absolute form?
- •53. What pronouns are used to form emphatic constructions?
- •54. What pronouns are used to specify objects from the point of view of their number or quantity?
- •55. What pronouns would you use to make a statement of a general character?
- •56. What may prepositions indicate?
- •57. How can prepositions be subdivided in accordance with their meaning?
- •58. How can prepositions be classified in accordance with their structure?
- •63. “For, during and while” – grammatical difference.
- •64. Does a noun always co-occur with an article?
- •65. What other noun modifiers are frequent in English?
- •66. What article indicates that the object denoted by the noun is unique or specifically known to the speaker(writer) and the hearer(reader)?
- •67. What is a limiting attribute?
- •68. What groups of nouns are preferably used without articles?
- •69. When can we use the article “a” before words beginning with a vowel?
- •70. When do we use the article “an” before words beginning with a consonant?
- •71. What article do we use when we give a person’s job title or their unique position?
- •72. When can we use the article “the” before the names of particular people?
- •73. When can we use the indefinite article or sometimes “zero article” with a name?
- •74. What articles are traditionally used with proper names denoting individual living being? What change of meaning of the proper name does the indefinite article indicate?
- •75. What proper names denoting inanimate objects are preferably used without articles or with the definite article?
- •76. The usage of articles with the names of meals.
- •77. What articles do we use with such nouns as: “school, prison, hospital, university, church”?
- •78. What articles should we use for musical instruments?
- •79. Usage of articles with the names of countries, mountains, islands.
- •80. Usage of articles with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes.
- •1.2.2. Voice
- •1.2.3. Aspect
- •85. Infinitive constructions. Complex Subject. Complex Object. For – Construction.
- •1. The objective with the infinitive construction
- •1) The subject
- •87. What is Gerund? How to distinguish it from the Participle 1 and the Verbal Noun? How to translate the Gerund into Russian?
- •88. What is the Participle 1? How to translate it into Russian?
- •89. What is the Participle 2? The functions of the Participle 2 in the sentence?
- •1. Attribute.
- •2. Adverbial Modifier
- •3. Predicative
- •90. Parenthesis. Dangling or Misrelated Participle.
- •91. Constructions with the Participle
- •92. Gerundial Constructions
- •93. The Infinitive. The syntactical and morphological features of the Infinitive.
- •II. The morphological features of the infinitive (The forms of the infinitive)
- •97. What verbals can be used as subject or object?
- •98. What are the verbs which can be followed by –ing or to with a difference of meaning?
13. What is the difference in the indication of a posterior event by a common form or a continuous form?
The common form, as a rule, will indicate that this is one of habitual actions which is sure to take place in future, and the continuous form will indicate that something is expected to take place or has been preplanned for this particular occasion. That is why the common form is preferable when you speak about the arrival of planes, trains, ships, etc., which operate on a regular schedule. The continuous form is to be used when speaking about people.
The train comes at seven.
My friend is coming at seven.
Both the future continuous and the future common form may be used to denote a single action in future. But the event is presented differently. The continuous form will indicate that you expect the event to begin and to be in progress in future, but you do not know -whether the event will be really completed or not. The common form will indicate that the action will be completed in future.
I shall be seeing you (waiting for you, talking with him) at five. (I want, I expect to see, wait, talk at five. I hope that this action will take place, I shall try to do it, but I can't be absolutely sure that I shall succeed.)
I shall see him at five. (I am quite sure that I shall see him then.)
14. When is a perfect form not used?
Note 1: The use of the perfect form very much depends on the structure of the sentence in which the form is used.
No perfect form is used to denote an event which has been in progress for some time before another event if these events are denoted by homogeneous predicates and not by predicates used in different clauses. Compare:
He walked about the city for some time and returned to his hotel, but:
He had walked about the city for some time when he decided to return, or:
When he had walked about the city for two hours he decided to return.
No perfect form is generally used in a clause of time introduced by the conjunctions "after", "before", "till", "until", "as soon as", unless you want to stress the priority of the event denoted by the form in the subordinate clause to the event denoted by the form in the principal clause.
Compare:
After he walked about the city for two hours he decided to return to his hotel.
После того как он побродил по городу два часа (Побродив по городу два часа), он решил вернуться в гостиницу.
Не did not return to his hotel before (until) he walked about the city for two hours.
Он вернулся, побродив по городу два часа.
But:
After he had walked about the city for two hours he decided to return. – Только после того, как он побродил по городу два часа, он решил вернуться.
He did not return before he had walked about the city for two hours. – Он не вернулся, пока не побродил по городу два часа.
No perfect form will be generally used in an object clause if the time of the action expressed by the verb form in this clause is exactly indicated by a date or a clause of time.
He said that he met them in 1974.
He said that he met them when he was on a holiday.
But:
He said that he had met them.
He said that he had met them in his early days.