What forms does the English verb have (sets of forms)? What is the difference in these forms?
The English verb has two sets of forms: the finite forms and the non-finite forms (verbals): the infinitive, the gerund and the participle.
I write exercises. While writing I used a dictionary
I am writing exercises. Finite forms After writing the exercise I compared
I have written exercises. my text with the key Non-finite
It was rather difficult to write forms
the exercise
The finite forms are those that can stand alone and can form a predicate by themselves. They also change their forms in order to agree with their subject in number and person.
The teacher gives us an English lesson. The teacher gave us an English lesson.
The non-finite verbs cannot form predicates. The non-finites cannot agree with their subjects in number or person. They combine characteristic features of a noun, a verb and an adjective. As verbs, the non-finites denote actions and have the grammatical categories of order, voice and aspect.
I look forward to being invited to their party (The gerund in the Passive Voice).
Having finished reading the paper, she put it aside (The participle 1 in the Perfect Order).
I like to be sitting on the beach now (The infinitive in the Continuous Aspect).
As nouns, the non-finite verbs are names of something, and can be easily substituted by ordinary nouns. They can be governed by prepositions, just as nouns do. They can also play the role of the subject or the object in the sentence.
I like reading books (I like books) (The Gerund).
To make a mistake like this is very careless (This mistake is very careless) (The infinitive).
As adjectives, they denote a feature or a quality of objects.
The running horse galloped down the road (The participle 1).
Brightly coloured pictures hung on the wall (The Participle 2).
2. How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning?
In accordance with the volume of their lexical meaning the verbs may be subdivided into notional verbs (independent lexical meaning), semi-notional (have a very general lexical meaning, which needs specifications in the context – modal, aspective and link verbs), auxiliary verbs (have no independent lexical meaning whatsoever).
notional verb | He writes long letters
| He can write long letters (modal)
semi-notional | He began writing a letter (aspective)
| He is a writer (link verb)
auxiliary verb | He is writing a letter
Semi-notional verbs:
Modal verbs: be, can, have, may, must, need, ought, shall, will
Aspective verbs: begin, cease, come, commence, continue, finish, give up, go on, keep, proceed, set about, start, stop
Link verbs: appear, be, become, come, feel, get, go, grow, hold, keep, look, prove, remain, run, seem, smell, taste, turn (out)
Auxiliary verbs: be, do, have, shall, should, will, would
3. What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
The majority of English verbs are notional verbs. They may denote
activity (“read”, “write”, speak”, “go”, “work”, “make”) dynamic verbs;
physical or mental perception, feelings, emotions (“see”, “hear”, “feel”, “smell”, “suppose”, “understand”, “like”, “dislike”) or
relationship (“have”, “possess”, “resemble”, “require”, “contain”) stative verbs.
Dynamic verbs:
Abandon, ache, arrive, beg, call, change, deteriorate, die, drink, eat, fall, feel, grow, help, hit, hurt, itch, jump, kick, knock, land, learn, live, listen, look, lose, nod, play, read, say, throw, work, write.
Stative verbs:
Adore, astonish, be, believe, belong, concern, consist, contain, cost, depend, deserve, desire, detest, dislike, doubt, equal, feel, fit, forgive, guess, hate, have, hear, imagine, impress, include, intend, involve, know, lack, perceive, please, possess, prefer, realize, recall, recognize, regard, remain, remember, require, resemble, satisfy, see, suppose, tend, think, understand, want, wish.
Some notional verbs which involve not only the doer of the action, but also its object or addressee – transitive verbs
He wrote me a letter
(doer) (addressee) (object)
Other notional verbs denote activities which don’t presuppose any object or addressee – intransitive verbs:
He left at 3 o’clock. ; She danced very well.
Transitive verbs: act, add, begin, believe, bring, build, burn, change, depend (on), do, dream (about), drink, find, give, have, hear, look (at), love, make, move, open, read, rely (on), see, sell, send, show, take, talk (about, of), touch, turn, wait (for)
bring over, bring up, call off, find out, give in, make out, move out, set up, turn on, write down
cut down (on), get away (with), look down (on), look up (to), look forward (to), put up (with), stand up (for), stay away (from)
Intransitive verbs: arrive, awake, be, burn, call, change, come, die, exist, fly, go, laugh, lie, live, run, said, sit, sleep, smile, smoke, stand, starve, swim, think, travel, turn, walk, work
blow up, break down, get up, go down, sit down, take off, turn up
Dynamic verbs may denote activities which presuppose a certain termination of the activity – terminative verbs(open, take, invite). Other verbs denote activities which don’t presuppose any definite natural termination – non-terminative verbs(run, sing, laugh). Stative verbs are naturally always non-terminative.
Terminative verbs: arrive, become, break, bring, build, burst, catch, close, come, die, drop, fall, find, give, hit, impress, jump, kick, kill, knock, land, leave, lose, nod, open, receive, recognize, say, seize, settle, take, throw
come to, lie down, look out, sit down, stand up, take off
Non-terminative verbs: ache, adore, apply, ask*, astonish*, be, beg, believe, belong, call*, change*, concern, consist, contain, cost, depend, deserve, desire, detest, dislike, doubt, draw*, esteem, equal, exist, forgive*, grow, guess*, hate, have, hear*, help*, hope, hurt*, imagine*, include, intend, involve, itch*, know, lack, learn*, lie, like, listen* live, love, matter, mean, mind, move, need, realize,1 recall*, regard, remain, require, respect, owe, own, play*, please*, possess, read*, remember*, satisfy*, see*, sing*, sit*, sleep, smoke, speak, stand*, tend, think*, translate*, understand*, want, watch, wish, work, write