- •2. How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning?
- •3. What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
- •4. What grammatical categories do the finite forms of the verb have? What are they? What are synthetic and analytical forms?
- •5. What factors govern the choice between aspect forms?
- •6. When is it obligatory or possible to use present tense forms to express future or past events?
- •7. Different ways of expressing future time.
- •8. What does the grammatical category of voice indicated? How many voices are there in English and what are they?
- •9. How is the Passive Voice formed in English? What are the main types of translation of the Passive Voice into Russian?
- •10. What types of Passive constructions are there in English?
- •11. What are the main restrictions to the use of passive constructions?
- •13. What is the difference in the indication of a posterior event by a common form or a continuous form?
- •14. When is a perfect form not used?
- •15. What is the “stative passive”? Give examples.
- •16. What is the difference in presentation of the event by the constructions “used to do” and “would do”?
- •17. The difference between “gone (to)” and “been (to)”?
- •18. Troublesome verbs.
- •19. What is a “Sequence of Tenses”?
- •20. Direct and indirect speech.
- •21. What nouns are called countable and uncountable?
- •22. What groups of concrete nouns do you know?
- •23. What groups of uncountable nouns do you know?
- •24. How do countable nouns form their plural form?
- •25. Irregular plural nouns.
- •26. What nouns can be countable or uncountable depending upon their meaning in the context?
- •27. What cases does the English noun have? Do these cases have endings?
- •28. What is the genitive case? How is it formed?
- •29. What nouns can be used in the genitive case?
- •30. What are “participle adjectives”?
- •31. What adjectives have degrees of comparison and how are they formed?
- •32. In what cases do adjectives follow nouns they refer to?
- •33. What adjectives are always used attributively?
- •34. What adjectives are always used predicatively?
- •35. What do adjectives denote?
- •37. What is the order of the prepositive adjectives?
- •38. Comparative construction.
- •39. Substantivized adjectives.
- •40. Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adjectives.
- •41. Adjectives after verbs.
- •42. What Morphological Characteristics do adverbs have?
- •43. What groups of adverbs do you know?
- •44. What is the position of adverbs in the sentence?
- •45. What adverbs form degrees of comparison synthetically?
- •46. What adverbs form degrees of comparison analytically?
- •Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •47. Word order – adverbs with a verb.
- •48. Semantic groups of pronouns.
- •49. Number and case forms of pronouns.
- •50. Forms of “other”.
- •51. Expressions of quantity.
- •52. What pronouns have a conjoint form and an absolute form?
- •53. What pronouns are used to form emphatic constructions?
- •54. What pronouns are used to specify objects from the point of view of their number or quantity?
- •55. What pronouns would you use to make a statement of a general character?
- •56. What may prepositions indicate?
- •57. How can prepositions be subdivided in accordance with their meaning?
- •58. How can prepositions be classified in accordance with their structure?
- •63. “For, during and while” – grammatical difference.
- •64. Does a noun always co-occur with an article?
- •65. What other noun modifiers are frequent in English?
- •66. What article indicates that the object denoted by the noun is unique or specifically known to the speaker(writer) and the hearer(reader)?
- •67. What is a limiting attribute?
- •68. What groups of nouns are preferably used without articles?
- •69. When can we use the article “a” before words beginning with a vowel?
- •70. When do we use the article “an” before words beginning with a consonant?
- •71. What article do we use when we give a person’s job title or their unique position?
- •72. When can we use the article “the” before the names of particular people?
- •73. When can we use the indefinite article or sometimes “zero article” with a name?
- •74. What articles are traditionally used with proper names denoting individual living being? What change of meaning of the proper name does the indefinite article indicate?
- •75. What proper names denoting inanimate objects are preferably used without articles or with the definite article?
- •76. The usage of articles with the names of meals.
- •77. What articles do we use with such nouns as: “school, prison, hospital, university, church”?
- •78. What articles should we use for musical instruments?
- •79. Usage of articles with the names of countries, mountains, islands.
- •80. Usage of articles with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes.
- •1.2.2. Voice
- •1.2.3. Aspect
- •85. Infinitive constructions. Complex Subject. Complex Object. For – Construction.
- •1. The objective with the infinitive construction
- •1) The subject
- •87. What is Gerund? How to distinguish it from the Participle 1 and the Verbal Noun? How to translate the Gerund into Russian?
- •88. What is the Participle 1? How to translate it into Russian?
- •89. What is the Participle 2? The functions of the Participle 2 in the sentence?
- •1. Attribute.
- •2. Adverbial Modifier
- •3. Predicative
- •90. Parenthesis. Dangling or Misrelated Participle.
- •91. Constructions with the Participle
- •92. Gerundial Constructions
- •93. The Infinitive. The syntactical and morphological features of the Infinitive.
- •II. The morphological features of the infinitive (The forms of the infinitive)
- •97. What verbals can be used as subject or object?
- •98. What are the verbs which can be followed by –ing or to with a difference of meaning?
6. When is it obligatory or possible to use present tense forms to express future or past events?
The present tense form may also be used to express future events:
1) It’s obligatory in clauses of time or condition.
Call on me when he comes tomorrow.
2) It’s possible:
a) to indicate that event is going to take place in the nearest future.
The train comes in five. (is coming)
b) for giving a more vivid description of a past situation in past time context.
Just imagine: yesterday I open the door, enter the room and see a friend of mine, whom I thought to be thousands of miles away at the time.
In the past tense context there are special forms which show that the action expressed by it is a posterior to another past action or situation, i.e. it denotes a “future action” in a “past situation” – the future-in-the-past form. Compare:
He says that he will read the book as quickly as he can.
He said that he would read the book as quickly as he would be able to do.
7. Different ways of expressing future time.
2.1.2.0. events posterior to another situation Future tense forms are generally found here.
2.1.2.1. events posterior to the present situation
a) a chain of successive actions that will take place in future (future common)
He will read the book and then hand it back to Jane.
We'll drive up to Weston and stay the night there. (Crg.)
b) an event that will repeatedly take place in the future (future common)
often
He will seldom read this book
Never
sometimes
I had better get under that fig tree. I've been asleep. I'll never get my work done in this sun. (Eyre)
c) an event completed or not that will take place in the future at some indefinite time (future common)
He will read this book.
How far my social security will go toward keeping a roof over her head with rent to pay, food to buy? (O'M.)
d) a single event that will be completed at some definite future moment or period (future common)
then
He will read this book at that time
when you give it to him
When you get to know Pongo better, you will realize that he is always like this: moody, sombre, full of doubts and misgivings. (Wd.)
I'll drop you right off now so you can do whatever you need to. {Crg.)
e) a single event that will be in progress at some definite future moment (future continuous)
then
He will be reading a book at that time
when you come
Yes, I'm on the bread line! I'll soon be hanging around the back door asking you for some stale bread! (C.)
2.1.2.2. an event completed or not or a chain of successive events posterior to a past event (future-in-the-past, continuous or common, will be used here)
He said he would read the book and put it on the shelf.
He said he would often read this book.
He said that he would read this book then.
He said he would read this book.
He said he would be reading this book at that time (see above 2.1.2.1.a, b, c, d, e).
Tom made me promise I would not tell you. (M.) I promised I'd take you round after the second act. (M) Only a few more minutes, and then she would be driving away in Patrick's comfortable car. (Hnt.)
Note 1: Occasionally present tense forms may be used to denote future events. The events are presented in this case as taking place in the near future. The time of the action is, as a rule, exactly indicated here.
It comes at seven.
He is coming at seven (soon).
The common form, as a rule, will indicate that this is one of habitual actions which is sure to take place in future, and the continuous form will indicate that something is expected to take place or has been preplanned for this particular occasion. That is why the common form is preferable when you speak about the arrival of planes, trains, ships, etc., which operate on a regular schedule. The continuous form is to be used when speaking about people.
The train comes at seven.
My friend is coming at seven.
"I have finals," I admitted. "The first starts at eight, and I'm not at all sure when I'll be free." (Crg.) Julie's coming, that's what happened. Some time next week. (Stw.)
Note 2: Both the future continuous and the future common form may be used to denote a single action in future (see above 2.1.2.1.C, e). But the event is presented differently. The continuous form will indicate that you expect the event to begin and to be in progress in future, but you do not know whether the event will be really completed or not. The common form will indicate that the action will be completed in future.
I shall be seeing you (waiting for you, talking with him) at five. (I want, I expect to see, wait, talk at five. I hope that this action will take place, I shall try to do it, but I can't be absolutely sure that I shall succeed.)
I shall see him at five. (I am quite sure that I shall see him then.)
She'll be coming up for her summer holidays before very long. (Stw.)
Note 3: To present events as taking place in the "immediate future" the constructions "to be going to do something", "to be about to do something" are often used in Modem English.
He is going to read this book during the holidays.
He is about to finish reading it soon.
The construction "to be going to do something" in more careful speech, however, is preferable if the event is presented as not contrary to the wish of the doer.
"After I finish, I'm going to call Lawrence Strand," I announced, eyeing the clock. (Crg.)
Note 4: If the event is presented as posterior to a past situation (in cases corresponding to those given in Notes 1, 2, 3), then the past tense or the future-in-the past will be used.
He said that the train came at seven.
He said that his friend was coming at seven.
He said that he would see you at five.
He said that he would be seeing you at five.
He said that he was going to read the book during his summer holidays.
I told Snell about dinner and to send the chauffeur to meet the seven-fifty as a gentleman was arriving by it. (Chr.)